BIRDWATCHING  IN

ECUADOR  
&  
THE  GALÁPAGOS  ISLANDS

AUG.  -  SEP.  1992

ERIK  MØLGAARD, NIELS  KRABBE,  
 JESPER  MEEDOM & ULRIK  ANDERSEN.

	DANISH  ORNITHOLOGICAL  SOCIETY
	BIRDLIFE - DENMARK

Drawings by Jon Fjeldså©

Publisher:

Danish Ornithological Society's Excursion Committee©
Vesterbrogade 140
1620 Copenhagen
Denmark

Copies of this report can be purchased from :

Danish Ornithological Society's Bookshop
Vesterbrogade 140
1620 Copenhagen
Denmark

Telephone	+45 31 31 85 63
Fax		+45 31 31 24 35

ISBN  87 604 65 5

 INTRODUCTION

In August-September 1992, the excursions committee of the Copenhagen department of the Danish Ornithological Society (DOF) carried out its first tour to South America. The destination was Ecuador and the Galapagos islands.

The tour was designed to give the participants a thorough coverage of the Galapagos islands and a good impression of the enormous biodiversity of the South American continent. The tour was organised in 3 parts: part 1 (10 days) covering the Galapagos islands, part 2 (13 days) covering Southern Ecuador plus Quito and part 3 (14 days) covering the Amazon as well as the upper tropical zone on both slopes of the Andes. Parts 1 and 2 constituted the base package with part 3 offering an optional extension. Most participants were with us on the entire tour, lasting 5½ weeks.

The number of bird species recorded was very impressive. The base tour total ended at 498 species. With an additional 393 species on the extension trip, the grand total was 891 species, an unofficial world record for an organised tour. 

At the end of this report, an appendix lists an additional 45 species recorded by Erik Mølgaard before and after the tour.

The time of year was elected to minimise the amount of rain encountered, and we actually experienced very little of that.

August is the dry and cool season in the Galapagos. Here the weather was dry and mostly sunny at sea and on the low islands, whereas the highlands of the larger islands were mostly covered by clouds as they usually are this time of the year.

On the mainland, bad weather only hindered birdwatching in the Papallacta Pass, where gale force winds and low clouds put on an appearance. We had a few showers in La Selva, the Tena area and on Mount Pichincha. In general the weather was very pleasant almost everywhere, making birding a pleasure.

The participants were:

Parts 1+2: Stig Kjærgaard Rasmussen (SKR), Jørgen Rudfeld, Anne Glad, Peter Christensen, Kate Andersen, Hans Wonsild and Bernie Clemmensen (BC).

Parts 1+2+3: Ulrik Andersen (UA), Jesper Meedom (JM), Steen Skaarup, Niels-Poul Dreyer (NPD), Morten J. Hansen (MH), Sidsel Lund (SL), Gunnar Pouplier and (parts 2 and 3 only) Poul-Erik Madsen (PEM).

The tour fee was DKK 35,500.- for the base package and an additional DKK 11,500.- for the optional extension, including all transportation, accommodations, full board, 2 drivers and a cook on the bus, cancellation insurance, "official" tips, costs of guides and tour leader as well as the usual DOF services.

The local currency is called Sucres and the exchange rate in August 1992 was approximately 175,000 Sucres for 100 USD (600 DKK). Changing money on the black market in Quito saves you about 2-3 percent and you avoid the queue!

Organising a group tour in Ecuador is cumbersome because the service level of the local travel agencies is poor. Often you get the impression that one hand does not know what the other hand is doing and that they are only interested in selling their standard packages. We used 2 different agencies. Metropolitan Touring, the biggest and most expensive - and supposedly the best - agency in the country - took care of the Galapagos arrangements. The arrangements worked fine - but it had taken some 18 months to get that far because we did not want any of the standard itineraries available. In the end, the owner of the yacht had interfered to ensure that we got what we wanted. If you are planning a group tour to the Galapagos, we suggest you contact the owner directly: Dods Wingstedt, Places Travel, P.O.Box 14235, S-104 40 Stockholm, Sweden. This should even ensure you a lower price!

On the mainland we used Etno Tours who provided us 2 skilled drivers and an excellent field cook. Apart from that, the agency caused us lots of problems and we spent many hours telephoning to Quito from many places in the country. Etno Tours can not be recommended to birding groups.

The extensive field notes of Stig Kjærgaard Rasmussen and Ulrik Andersen are the foundation of this report.

We wish to thank Erling Krabbe, Jan Fischer Rasmussen, Poul Coopmans, Bret Whitney and Rose Ann Rowlett for their great help in planning this tour.

The report contains the following:

1.   Summary of the journey (itinerary)		3
2.   Overview maps   		7
3.   A personal diary  	. 	10
4.   Description of the localities visited   		22
5.   List of birds recorded in the Galapagos Islands 		31
6.   List of mammals, fishes and reptiles recorded in the Galapagos Islands 		35
7.   List of birds recorded in mainland Ecuador  		36
8.   List of mammals recorded in mainland Ecuador  		80
9.   Appendix: pre- and post-tour notes  		81
10.  Bibliography 		86

We wish to thank the following persons for their assistance in writing this report: Stig Kjærgaard Rasmussen (initial compilation of field notes), Poul-Erik Madsen (drawing of the overview maps), Jon Fjeldså (bird drawings), Jesper Meedom (author of the diary) and Ulrik Andersen (locality descriptions, thorough review of the whole report).

It should not be forgotten that the whole trip was characterised by good fellowship and pleasant being together. Again it is a pleasure to look back on a successful DOF tour! We hope to see you again another time!

Niels Krabbe 		Erik Mølgaard
Cas. 21-791		Lyngborghave 6 1. tv.
721 Quito		3460 Birkerød            
Ecuador			Denmark

SUMMARY OF THE JOURNEY.

14.08.92	18.55-20.20	Copenhagen - Paris.

15.08.92	       -01.00	Paris (Charles de Gaulle Aeroport).
04.00-05.00	Cayenne.
07.25-10.30	Quito (Aeropuerto Mariscal Sucre).
11.00-11.30	Guayaquil (Aeropuerto Simon Bolivar).
12.00-13.15	Baltra.
15.10-17.10	Mosquera.

16.08.92	All day		Tower
08.10-11.00 Prince Philip's Steps.
14.40-17.00 Darwin Bay Beach.

17.08.92	08.30-10.30	Fernandina (Punta Espinosa).
10.50-		Isabela.
11.15-12.45 Punta Tortuga.
13.30-16.05 Tagus Cove.
16.25-18.15 Punta Tortuga.

18.08.92	       -13.30	James.
       -10.30 James Bay.
13.30-17.10	Bartolomé.

19.08.92	       -10.30	Santa Fé.
13.50-		San Cristóbal.

20.08.92	All day		Hood.
06.00-12.15 Punta Suarez.
13.00-17.00 Gardner Bay.

21.08.92	       -08.30	Champion.
09.00-		Floreana.
09.00-14.20 Punta Cormorant.
14.40-17.30 Post Office Bay.

22.08.92	       -15.30	Floreana.
07.05-12.05 Highlands from Black Beach.
13.30-15.15 Black Beach.
19.00-		Santa Cruz (Puerto Ayora).

23.08.92	All day		Santa Cruz.
10.10-15.25 Media Luna.
16.15-17.45 Darwin Research Center.

24.08.92	All day		Santa Cruz.
09.15-13.00 Santa Rosa Tortoise Reserve.

25.08.92	       -10.10	Santa Cruz.
10.20-12.40	Baltra.
15.15-16.20	Guayaquil.
17.15-18.45	Engunga Hills.
19.50-		La Libertad.

26.08.92	       -05.20	La Libertad.
06.15-09.05	Cerro Alto.
09.05-09.35	San Pablo Beach.
09.45-10.45	San Pablo Salinas.
11.40-13.00	La Libertad.
13.30-15.00	Punta Carnero.
15.10-16.10	Laguna Escuasal.
18.20-		Guayaquil.

27.08.92	       -05.30	Guayaquil.
06.10-15.35	Cerro Blanco (Chongon Hills).
16.10-17.00	Guayaquil Mangrove.
17.30-		Guayaquil.

28.08.92	       -05.30	Guayaquil.
09.50-09.55	Santa Rosa.
10.30-11.15	El Vado.
12.00-18.00	Piñas Forest.
19.30-		Los Rosales de Machay.

29.08.92	       -05.00	Los Rosales de Machay.
06.15-12.30	Piñas Forest.
19.00-		Loja.

30.08.92	       -05.30	Loja.
06.15-17.40	Podocarpus N.P. (Cajanuma).
18.20-		Loja.

31.08.92	       -04.10	Loja.
07.00-15.55	Podocarpus N.P. (Bombuscaro).
16.35-16.55	Zamora.
19.00-		Loja.

01.09.92	       -05.10	Loja.
05.45-18.40	Podocarpus N.P. (Cajanuma).
19.15-		Loja.

02.09.92	       -06.10	Loja.
08.00-12.05	Acanamá.
13.30-14.40	Oña.
17.10-		Cuenca.

03.09.92	       -04.10	Cuenca.
05.15-16.45	Las Cajas National Recreation Area. 
05.15-10.00 Laguna Illincocha.
13.30-16.45 Laguna Llaviuco.
17.15-		Cuenca.

04.09.92	       -05.30	Cuenca.
06.15-18.20	Macas Road (from Gualaceo).
19.10-		Cuenca.

05.09.92	       -08.25	Cuenca.
08.55-10.05	Quito.
11.45-17.50	Cotopaxi N.P.
18.15-18.25	Lasso Marsh.
19.45-		Quito.

06.09.92	       -07.10	Quito.
08.35-11.35	Papallacta Pass.
12.00-15.45	Alder forest.
18.00-		Quito.

07.09.92	       -14.20	Quito.
08.10-10.00 Parque Carolina.
20.10-21.35	Cayenne.

08.09.92	11.00-16.00	Paris (Charles de Gaulle Aeroport).
17.35-		Copenhagen.

EXTENSION WEEKS:

07.09.92	       -12.10	Quito.
08.15-10.00 Parque Carolina.
12.55-13.25	Coca.
15.55-		La Selva Lodge.
16.10-17.15 Rio Napo - Lodge.
20.30-21.30 Canopy Tower.

08.09.92	All day		La Selva Lodge.
05.30-12.45 Rio Napo and River Islands
15.45-18.15 Umbrellabird Island.
20.15-21.45 Canopy Tower.

09.09.92	All day		La Selva Lodge.
06.00-10.00 Canopy Tower.
10.00-12.00 Canopy Tower - Mandicocha.
15.30-17.30 Trail along the northern side of Laguna Garzacocha.
17.40-19.00 Canopy Tower.

10.09.92	All day		La Selva Lodge.
06.00-16.00 Salado Trail.

11.09.92	All day		La Selva Lodge.
05.45-16.30 Mandicocha and Mandicocha trail.

12.09.92	       -06.15	La Selva Lodge.
10.00-21.00      	Coca.

13.09.92	02.30-11.00	Tena.
06.05-11.00 Surroundings of Hotel Auca.
12.20-19.00	Cord. de Guacamayos.
20.15-		Tena.

14.09.92	       -05.30	Tena.
06.00-18.45	Loreto road (Ministerio road).
19.15-		Tena.

15.09.92	       -05.00	Tena.
06.00-11.20	Cord.de Guacamayos.
12.30-12.40	Baeza.
15.30-17.00	Tumbaco 20 km east of Quito.

16.09.92	       -05.00	Quito.
06.00-17.00	Chiriboga Road.
17.30-		Tinalandia.

17.09.92	All day		Tinalandia.
18.09.92	       -05.30	Tinalandia.
06.10-17.10	Rio Palenque.
18.00-		Tinalandia.

19.09.92	       -05.30	Tinalandia.
06.00-16.50	Chiriboga road
17.45-		Quito.

20.09.92	       -08.30	Quito.
09.50-11.30	Yanacocha.
12.00-19.00	Yanayacu.
21.30-		Quito.

21.09.92	       -16.30	Quito.
22.40-23.55	Cayenne.

22.09.92	13.30-16.00	Paris (Charles de Gaulle Aeroport).
17.35-		Copenhagen.

ECUADOR INCLUDING THE GALAPAGOS - A DIARY.

August 15th. After a long night's flight to Quito we continued by domestic flight to the Galapagos, arriving at the airstrip on Baltra Island. We spotted a few inconspicuous Darwin's Finches in the tiny shadow of the airport building and while trying to identify our first birds we soon had a discussion about bill shapes that was to be typical for the weeks to come. A short bus ride through a barren landscape with red and yellow colours took us to a cove where a few ships were anchored. The finest among them was our yacht Reina Silvia. Blue-footed Boobies came flying in on a row and plunged into the shallow water one after the other, and White-vented Storm-Petrels were dancing on the waves with their long legs dangling. Pelicans, frigatebirds and shearwaters were plentiful.

The dinkies - rubber boats with an outboard motor used for landing - took us to the yacht. Our excitement about the seabirds gave way to curiousity about the ship, our home for the next 8 days. It had a large saloon with a bar in the middle, dinner tables at one end and sofas at the other. The roofed upper deck was equipped with comfortable wicker chairs. The double cabins were below and were so small that one person had to step out while the other was opening his suitcase. Each cabin had a tiny bathroom with a shower.

Most of the Galapagos is a national park, although four of the islands are inhabited. You are free to sail between the islands, but landing is restricted to special sites and a permit and a schedule for each landing are required. In most places you are only allowed to follow marked trails, but as the wildlife is generally tame and abundant, birds are always present near or even on the paths. 

In the afternoon, we landed in a Sea Lion colony on the sand bank of Mosquera between the islands of North and South Seymour. Still not accustomed to the confidence of the Galapagos wildlife we were surprised when dozens of curious Sea Lions congregated in the propellor water behind the dinky. Lava Gulls and a few shorebirds were found along the shores of the islet.

August 16th. A night of rough sailing brought us to Tower. We woke up in a bay where a few other vessels were anchored. We landed on the cliffs at Prince Philip's Steps and ascended the island where we had to follow a path leading through the gannetry. The island is low and dry and covered by small bushes. A smell of guano and fish hung over the colony. Seabird sounds were all over. Masked Boobies were nesting on the ground. We looked into their empty eyes as we edged by the nesting birds. Some had nests containing eggs, some had newly hatched naked chicks and some had downy youngs. Nests of the Red-footed Booby were in the trees. All nests held well-grown youngs with somehow sad and helpless eyes. The path took us through the bushes to the outer edge of the island where the open lava fields hold a large colony of Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel. Thousands were constantly in the air. A Great Frigatebird came in and landed by its fat white chick. It had problems folding its extremely long wings. The young put its head into the gullet of the parent and had its meal of thin oil regurgitated. We also saw the four finch species occuring on Tower. 

Then we sailed along the cliffs of the bay, spotting yellow-billed tropicbird's chicks peeking out from their dark nest holes. Back on the yacht, some young Red-footed Booby were roosting on the stem. They even tried to sit on the rail, from where they fell into the boat where they stood looking stupid and helpless. In the air, frigatebirds chased the boobies, gripping them by the tail, thus forcing them to drop their fish. 

In the afternoon we landed on the sandy beach of Darwin Bay by a colony of Swallow-tailed Gull. We went for a walk through a creek. Due to the high tide we had to walk in deep water where the sharp lava was a nuisance to our feet. Here we found colonies of Great Frigatebird and Red-footed Booby, including a few white phase birds (rare in Galapagos). 

Just after dinner we sailed off for Fernandina. We had barely left the cove before we began to feel the sea. The portrait of queen Silvia on the wall swung like a pendulum and sounds of smashing crockery were heard from the galley. Many got seasick and a few faint-hearted trying preventive plasters for the first time - and finding them to work - became very cocky. It was a very rough night.

August 17th. We woke up to a grey morning entering the strait between the barren volcanoes of Isabela and Fernandina. Many seabirds were seen such as Waved Albatrosses, Hawaiian Petrels and fishing parties of Masked Boobies.

We landed on the rocky shore of Punta Espinosa on Fernandina, where hundreds of the large local race of Marine Iguana were sunbathing while snorting salt out through the nostrils. A few Flightless Cormorants with fur-like feathers and minuscule wings were roosting on the rocks. Across the strait at Punta Tortuga on Isabela we visited a mangrove, one of the few places where Mangrove Finch has been observed recently. Groups of penguins were swimming in the water as we landed. Hollows from marine turtle's nests were all over. We did not find any Mangrove Finches, but we learnt that Yellow Warblers have a lot of different sounds and are attracted by "pishing". 

In the afternoon we sailed to Tagus Cove, where the names of many ships are carved in the rocks - some of them dating back to the pirates of the eighteenth century. A few years ago, Tagus Cove was a well known breeding spot for good numbers of Galapagos Penguins and Flightless Cormorants. However, cats have arrived and the birds have disappeared. Cats are kept as pets in the villages at the other end of Isabela, ensuring the constant presense of this pest in the reserve. Stories even circulated that rats had been introduced to Fernandina by a group of eighty taiwanese that had felled the mangrove with chain-saws to build a factory for boiling sea cucumbers for export. Things like that take place even in the most protected, most acknowledged and most visited of reserves in poor countries. We did not see much around the cove, but the view from the view point above the turquoise crater lake was quite breath-taking. 

In the evening we went back to the mangrove to look for finches. A walk along the beach did not give much. As the sun was setting, our guide Mauricio got the idea that we should return on the back side of the grove through the lava fields. It turned out to be a very tiring climb over the soft lava where the thin crust of the rock often was crushed under your foot so that you suddenly stepped through what had appeared to be firm rock. It was "mountaineering on a meringue". In addition, since the sun had set and we did not have a torch, you may grasp the atmosphere. Of course, our guide had never been there before, and he was probably not allowed to take us there anyway. As ususal, he was wearing his bathing sandals - entirely unsuited for rock climbing. We did not have much time to search for the Mangrove Finch and concluded it to be extinct (some researchers claim just that - caused by inter-breeding with the Woodpecker Finch).

August 18th. The next morning we arrived at James Bay on the island of James. James is a large island with highlands in the interior. We walked on the cliffs along the coast. Hundreds of Blue-footed Boobies performed spectacular simultaneous dive-bombing on a shoal of fish. Agressive little Lava Herons were chasing each other on the reefs. James Bay is known as the place to swim with Fur Seals, and we were taken to a pool between the cliffs where ten Americans were swimming together with one Fur Seal. This was the only place we saw the stocky but agile Fur Seals. The falling tide had isolated a lot of small fishes in a pool on a cliff. A few Sea Lions had walked up to have an easy meal, but dozens of Magnificent Frigatebird came down again and again in bold manoeuvres catching the prey before the nose of the Sea Lions. 

Sailing along the north coast of James provided fine views of strange rock formations. The most famous is the Pinnacle Rock by the islet of Bartholomew, isolated from James by a narrow strait. Whereas swimming among Fur Seals was somewhat a flop, swimming among penguins was not. They entered the water and joined the dinky, diving under it and splashing in the propellor water. We watched them swimming rapidly under the crystal clear turquoise water against the pure white sand below. The penguins even nipped the legs of Hans when he was swimming. The beach itself was full of nasty mosquitoes. We made a short walk across the low part of the island to the beach on the other side where a pack of White-tipped Reef-Sharks had congregated in the shallow water, their white-tipped fins protruding. It was as if they besieged a young Sea Lion on the beach, definitely anxious about the presence of the sharks. 

August 19th. The next morning, we landed at Santa Fe, which is another dry and low island with bushes and cacti. On the short trail near the coast we saw Cactus Finches and three Land Iguanas of the bright yellow Santa Fe species. Cacti and their fruits form a significant part of the diet of the iguanas which may even sit and wait for the fruit to fall. By the landing site a pair of Galapagos Hawks with two fledged young were around. When we took pictures, one of the adults flew down and grapped Hans' cap from his head and brought it to a rock where it tried to tear it apart. Unfortunately, Hans was the only one carrying a video camera so we did not get the incident filmed.  

Then we sailed off for San Cristobal. Four hours of sailing and seabirding with Hawaiian Petrels, Red-necked Phalaropes and a flock of Bottle-nosed Dolphins. The latter had a free ride on the bow wave for hours. We called at the little harbour of San Cristobal where pelicans and Sea Lions were resting on the boats. An old bus took us to the highlands through plantations with coffee and oranges where we soon found the endemic Chatham Mockingbird. In the highlands, we had rain and fog and did not see much. 

August 20th. Hood. We were set ashore at Punta Suarez among stinking Sea Lions and the local form of Marine Iguanas that are red and black. It took us half an hour to pass the first Blue-footed Boobies standing in the middle of the path because we had to take lots of pictures. Someone calculated that altogether we took 900 pictures that morning. The path took us through a dry bushland. This is the land of the blue feet. The boobies have shining light blue feet, which they gladly expose during their slow motion dance. Many of the birds had eggs and a few had naked chicks. Beyond the booby colony the bushes become higher and denser. This is the land of the albatrosses. We saw albatrosses dancing their long and complicated ceremonial dance: waddling, swaying, pointing bill upwards, rattling and clicking the bill - the click in particular is an astonishing sound - standing with wide open bills against each other. To get on the wings they walked to the edge of a coastal cliff and threw themselves out in the air. Another bird of Hood is the Hood Mockingbird. It is an agressive, inquisitive and intelligent species. You have them on your shoes probing the laces. You have them on the bag, probing the zip. A couple of them pecked a hole in a deserted albatross egg and ate the contents. We had left our life jackets at the landing site, and they had been thoroughly examined by mockingbirds when we came back, judging from the amount of shit on them. In the afternoon we tried the other landing site, Gardner Bay, where absolutely nothing was seen. Another visit to Punta Suarez would have been a better use of the time.

August 21st. The next morning we anchored at the rock of Champion next to Floreana. It is a steep islet with cacti and bushes, one of the two islets where Charles' Mockingbird survives. It has become extinct from Floreana for unknown reasons. Mockingbirds were observed chasing each other and sitting in the cactus tops. In the dinkies, we sailed around the rock and into small coves with caves full of exotic fishes and got a good view of the mockingbird. On the outer side of the rock the sea got rough and so did the expression on the face of our boatman as he steered the dinky free of the surf. We were all somewhat uneasy, even though I suspect he just wanted to show us his capabilities.  

We called at Cormorant Point on Floreana, where the shallow, brackish lake with mangroves hosted red American Flamingos and quite a few migrant shorebirds. Poisonous sting rays escaped in the shallow water whirling sand away as we landed. In the afternoon, we landed at Post Office Bay. It is a tradition founded by the whalers to put your mail in the barrel there, and someone bound for your country will take it with him. We took some postcards for Belgium since we did not find any for Denmark. The place is odd with names of ships carved in the wood and old Sea Lion's sculls arranged as an exhibition with all sorts of strange rubbish. We went for a walk in the dry hinterland following the donkey tracks criss-crossing the island. Many dry land plants have agressive seeds clinging to your legs and stockings. I believe any plant that has made it to the Galapagos must be an agressive one. We had a fine view from a crater. 

August 22nd. Our second day at Floreana started at the small village at Black Beach from where we were taken to the highlands by car. Farms with horses and cattle were here and there as we got above the dry bushland and into the moist zone. Vermilion Flycathers flashed red from the fences. The trees in the highlands were low and gnarled and covered by lichens. In these woods we saw both Large Tree Finch and Medium Tree Finch - the latter species confined to the highlands of this island. We walked back towards the coast and were soon out of the indigenous woodland and into the grazed farmland, where we saw a Short-eared Owl. Back in the village we visited the tea house of "frau" Wittmer, a very determined German lady in her eighties who arrived at the island some 60 years ago. Rumours go that she has murdered a lot of people - the matter being that more than a dozen persons have vanished from Floreana without a trace. She sold inscribed copies of her autobiographical book and talked about her receiving the Bundesverdienstkreuz. 

We sailed off early for Santa Cruz to have time for some seabirding. White-vented Storm-Petrels by the stern, Bottle-nosed Dolphins under the stem, a black Storm-Petrel far away in bad light - maybe Markham's - and a pink Flamingo in determined flight some hours away from the nearest island. Our last evening on board was celebrated with a cocktail with the captain and a huge cake for dessert.

August 23rd. In Puerto Ayora at Santa Cruz, we stayed at the Galapagos Hotel which has its own landing stage. There were whale's bones in the dining room, poisonous apples in the garden not even to be touched, an invalid Lava Gull living by the reception and notices not to harm the spiders. We were picked up by a small bus and our guide, David, to go for the highlands. David is an Englishman who has lived in the Galapagos for twenty years. He wore a huge rucksack in which apparently everything could be found: if someone needed a pair of socks he had them, he carried a radio transmitter and a first aid kit and in the middle of the hot day he suddenly had bottles of water and cups to drink from. He soon proved to be the right guide for birdwatchers as he stopped the bus and took us down into some impressive lava tubes six meters in diameter where a Barn Owl was resting. The mountain Media Luna is reached through farmlands in the wet zone. We went up through a park-like countryside that is good for the Woodpecker Finch, although only Anne had the luck to see it work with a twig. On the top is the moorland with indigenous Miconia bushes. They have dark reddish-green leaves responsible for the reddish tinge of Media Luna. Introduced Quinine trees are spreading though, actually threatening the existence of the Miconia vegetation. Introduced plants and animals are the major threats to the Galapagos. The highlands are the breeding grounds of the Hawaiian Petrel. Although they seem fairly common at sea they are severely threatened by extinction since rats take all their youngs. The longevity of the birds prevents the disaster from being readily observed. David took us into the Miconia scrub to show us the burrows - and the rat baits. Above the Miconia zone lies the Pampa zone with sedges and ferns. A Galapagos Rail called from the cover and David showed us what to do. He leveled the vegetation in an area, half a meter in diameter, and then we stood waiting. Quietly the rail came closer - at first we only felt its presence - and then it entered the clearing, stood there for a short while and then went back into cover. Of course, we restored the vegetation before we left.

August 24th. The next day we went to the highlands again to visit the Santa Rosa Tortoise Reserve. Female Giant Tortoises migrate between the egg-laying areas in the lowlands and the humid highlands. This was the period of migration. We were taken by bus to a cultivated landscape and walked down to the reserve through cattle-grazed fields. The first tortoises were seen in the fields. In the reserve's indigenous forest one of these unbelievable creatures blocked the path and tried to cover up in its shield, hissing dramatically as air was expelled from its body cavity. I think of the tortoises in the forest as representing an ancient and different world. We also saw the Vegetarian Finch and other woodland birds. We were warned against getting lost in the area and a signpost commemorated a dead tourist. A guy staying at our hotel had lost his way up here and was found nearly dead only a couple of days ago.

Mainland Ecuador

August 25th. The next day we left for the mainland. We crossed Santa Cruz by bus, stopping by the beautiful twin craters at the top of the island. In Guayaquil Airport, we were met by Niels Krabbe, easily recognised by his T-shirt boasting of the Danish European soccer championship victory. Niels has travelled a lot in South America and has lived in Ecuador for years. He is a keen researcher of birds and tapaculos and a co-author of "Birds of the High Andes". He was a very enthusiastic guide on the mainland part of the tour, always with a cigarette in his mouth and the parabola ready for recording. Our bus had a crew of three persons: two drivers and a cook. The travel agency had suggested the cook as a cheaper alternative to lunch packs from the hotels. All three were very nice and contributed a lot to the success of the journey. The field breakfasts and lunches served on the bumper of the bus was a pleasant feature of the journey. We immediately went westwards where we stopped at the Engunga Hills in the dry country where we saw an Elegant Crescentchest and several Scrub Nightjars among others. In the evening we arrived at the bathing resort of La Libertad.

August 26th. By dawn we visited the dry riverbed at Cerro Alto where we did not see the target Thick-Knees but found a family of Burrowing Owls. A Peruvian Pygmy-Owl was sitting in a tree in the village where most inhabitants seemed to be birdwatcher-watchers. Later, we stopped by some low hills with dry bushes where we saw Necklaced Spinetail, Collared Warbling-Finch and others. We passed through the small fishing village of San Pablo with its fish marketplace. On the sandy beach of the Pacific we saw flocks of Grey Gull, Royal Tern and a few Elegant Terns. The salinas inland were full of American shorebirds - many of them still in breeding plumage. We had a moment of excitement when we thought we had found the first Ecuadorian Great Knot, but careful consultation of the literature revealed that it was just a Pacific race Knot - an uncommon bird in Ecuador, anyway. 

In the afternoon we looked for Sulphur-throated Finch in some grassy hills at Punta Carnero. The hills were burning and despite a long walk we did not find our finch as the habitat was probably destroyed by the fire. But we saw hundreds of seedeaters and a few Band-tailed Sierra-Finches, so we had rich opportunities to study finches. A small lake in the burning fields hosted a few shorebirds not seen in the salinas: Greater Yellowlegs, Killdeer and Pectoral Sandpiper. Then we visited the salinas of Laguna Escuasal. Again we saw many shorebirds, Western and Semipalmated Sandpiper being the most numerous. We also saw Short-billed Dowitchers and Stilt Sandpipers in breeding plumage. 

Later we headed for Guayaquil. The landscape along the road is almost uninhabited dry bushland, but the El Niño event earlier this year had turned the landscape green. Large balsa trees with thick trunks and wide crowns dominated the scenery. We stopped by a pond at the roadside with Least and Pied-billed Grebes. Our driver made a wrong turn towards Guayaquil and we drove for ages in endless narrow and crowded streets through the slums. Guayaquil is a depressing third world metropolis and the slogans from the recent presidential elections painted all over walls and house fronts added to its ugliness. All of the time, the drivers had to ask for the way. They seemed not to know much about maps and signposts - in Ecuador you find your way by asking. We were advised not to walk in the streets on our own while in Guayaquil. We stayed at the luxurious Grand Hotel, a big complex built around a yard with palms, isolated from the unpleasantness of the city.

August 27th. The Chongon Hills are situated a little outside Guayaquil. Dry forest is still found in parts of the hills. The best forest is on the mountain of Cerro Blanco. It is classified as protected forest - unfortunately, this does not necessarily mean anything in Ecuador. It is protected by the cement company owning the place - which has more significance although very dependent on the mind of the factory owner. Two or three Great Green Macaws still survive in the forest. We had a permit to enter the forest and drive to the top of the hill. The forest was a beautiful contrast to the refuse dumps we birded yesterday, and we saw many interesting species. An adult and two young King Vultures passed over as we had lunch. Many beautiful butterflies and interesting spiders could be observed. We saw a jet black, hairy bird spider with a little pink diamond on the back right on the path as we descended. We lost our way on the way down as we tried to follow a path and had to make it through the jungle following a water course.

We went out to the mangroves south of the hills in the late afternoon. Large iguanas were sitting in the trees with yellowish and greenish colours like dying leaves. The beautiful White-tailed Jay was observed.
 
August 28th. The next day we went south. After having given up to find a lake holding Horned Screamer, we progressed through endless banana plantations. The round mud nests of Cinnamon Hornero were all over. As we got away from the flat coastal plains and a little up in the hills, the landscape became more scenic with small tracts of forest. We saw Rufous-headed Chachalaca on a slope and in a village we saw a pair of Pale-mandibled Araçari. The police checkpoints in the southern provinces were a nuisance since they took their time to examine our passports. In one place they even called for a bribe by accusing us of some imaginary offence. Perhaps it is the boredom of these far out check-points, perhaps it is the proximity of the Peruvian border.....

The mist belt is from 600-1000 m. In this belt the forest remains in small patches whereas below it is almost cleared. We stopped at the well known site for El Oro Parakeet near Piñas. The landscape is park-like: you have a view over grassland with tall forest trees remaining, and the path goes through patches of good forest. The fog was low over the woods where everything is moist. Trunks and branches were covered with moist-laden moss. We saw a Song Wren, called in with the tape recorder - its song is strange, with a bell-like sound in a curious rhytm. A male Golden-winged Manakin, Violet-tailed Sylph, Purple-crowned Fairy and many other birds were seen. Other interesting creatures on the path were a Land Crab and a small black-and-yellow striped poisonous frog that we caught in the parabola. 

It was dark when we left. We drove through Piñas and out in the middle of nowhere to find the country resort of Los Rosales de Machay. The poor road up to the isolated resort winded and seemed to be endless. At last, we arrived at the hotel where we were received in candle-light. In darkness we carried our trunks to the cabins, a fair walk uphill, and we had a fine dinner in near darkness. It seemed to be a nice place, but we were not to see it in daylight.

August 29th. In the morning we went back to the El Oro Parakeet site where the fog was thick. We followed the track and took a side track to the right up to a clearing. The mud on the track was deep and the smell of cow dung was sickening. We heard and saw the parakeets in the fog. Niels took us to a dark, moist ravine (typical for tapaculos), where he called Ecuadorian Tapaculo in - a new species he is going to publish. The chain-saws shrilled in the background giving somehow a feeling that we were watching a bird extinct before its name was even published. Back at the bus we had a flock of El Oro Parakeet right above our heads, sitting in a low tree - unfortunately the fog was still heavy.

In the afternoon we drove for Loja. We passed into the rain shadow of the mountains in the dry valleys of the highlands. What a difference! - from deep fog and wet forest to hot sunshine over dry hills in an instant. The landscape is wastelands with nearly no sign of economic activity. A few goats maybe, and a small plot with maize. Once the hills here were covered by dry forest similar to that of Cerro Blanco, but large areas of forest have been burnt in a superstitious attempt to eradicate some disease. Today the Loja province is the most destroyed part of Ecuador. We stopped by some patches of wood by the road, but it was a hot afternoon and very few birds were active. We saw Blue-crowned Motmot and Chapman's Antshrike. 

Our hotel in Loja was named Saraguro Internacional. We had ordered best standard and looked for an impressive building in the main road and we hardly noticed the damaged signboard above the shabby entrance. The people in the lobby did not know we were coming as the agency had made an arrangement with the owner who had not bothered to tell the staff. It was an attempt by our agency to transfer us into bad hotels and pocket the price difference, as we later prevented them from doing in Cuenca. The kitchen was not prepared to serve us so we made an arrangement with a restaurant - a welcomed change since the restaurant was super - which could not be said of the meals in the hotel. In the night, a group of persons in the room next to ours screamed and yelled until five in the morning (when we anyway left for birding) and they were kicked out of the hotel. To the story of Saraguro Internacional it may be added that it was quite a labyrinth and one of us had to call the reception several times because he could not find his room. The town of Loja was boring and ugly.

August 30th. Parque Nacional Podocarpus is a huge park astride the eastern rim of the Andes covering all zones from alpine down to upper tropical. It is a very important park because of its inclusion of all these zones and it may hold the greatest number of species of any park in the world. But the park is not properly protected. Gold miners penetrate it and a mining concession in the heart of the area has just been given to a Norwegian company. Logging takes place and hunting is commonplace.

This day, we went to Cajanuma which is the main visitor's centre. From the visitor's centre, marked tracks goes up to the timberline. At this visit we concentrated on the lower parts of the tracks to get familiar with the temperate zone birdlife. Our first sighting was a Bearded Guan sitting in a tree top right by the access road. The place is fantastic. You have a splendid view down over forested slopes to a barren valley and some far away hills deprived of forest. The trees of the temperate forest are gnarled and loaded with mosses, lichens and bromeliads. Small ferns grow in the moss on the trunks and large ferns grow in the understory where bamboo is common. Strikingly coloured flowers were blooming: bromeliads, orchids growing on branches as well as flowers from twining lianas - attracting hummers. Barred Fruiteaters and Red-crested Cotingas were found near the cottage  where several species of brush-finches were also present - but hard to see. We spent a lot of time on ground dwellers, calling them out by playback and we enjoyed some excellent sightings: Chusquea Tapaculo (new species to be described), Ocellated Tapaculo and Rufous Antpitta. A Chestnut-naped Antpitta lived just above the hut, where it could be seen hopping on the trail if you sat down quietly waiting. 

While we were birding our drivers searched the black market for gas. Ecuador had just had presidential elections so every building in the villages was painted over with slogans. The winner, Sixto, seemed to be a sensible fellow in contrast to his rival who had promised to make roads through the national parks including Podocarpus. As Mauricio from Galapagos put it: "Last time we voted for a crook because we believed he could enrich the country - but he only enriched himself. This time we voted for a decent man." To cope with the economical problems, Sixto has had to raise the gas prises considerably meaning that gas could not be found in all of southern Ecuador except for the black market (which was sometimes at the gas station). The decent measures of the decent president seemed to make him a lot of enemies and a general strike was impending during our journey. It broke out with riots in the big cities the day after we left.

August 31st. Bombuscaro lies in the upper tropical zone near Zamora. We started at four in the morning but police checks, slow driving on winding roads, diversion in Zamora because of road works and cows on the track delayed us and we arrived at the rain forest well after sunrise when the bird chorus had almost silenced. It was bright and burning tropical sunshine and many of us wore rubber boots all day, scared of chiggers. Due to late arrival and hot sunshine our list does not really reflect the tremendous potential of this area. You follow a track along the Rio Bombuscaro. There is a cottage as in Cajanuma, but the place seems more outlawed. We saw a magnificent Scarlet-bellied Woodpecker, several Ecuadorian Piedtail (constantly calling but difficult to get a decent view of), two or tree pairs of Coppery-chested Jacamars nesting in holes by the path, lots of colourful tanagers in the low trees around the cottage, Green Jay etc. On the way back, we stopped in the town of Zamora where we saw an Opal-rumped Tanager. In the subtropical zone along the road back to Loja, we saw a few White-breasted Parakeets flying at a distance.

September 1st. Revisit to Cajanuma. On this our second visit we went further along the trails. In the morning we tried the Sendero a las Lagunas del Compadre. Here we saw the elegant little Black-headed Hemispingus that seems to dance on the leaves of the tree tops. In the foggy scrub-land we had a party of strikingly coloured mountain-tanagers with a Masked Mountain-Tanager as the prize. The trail goes up to the paramo where we gave up birding as it was raining and storming and you could not see your hand for the fog. In the afternoon we tried the Sendero al Mirador. It leads to a rim overlooking the dry inter-Andean valley and we had full sunshine, in contrast to the morning walk in rainy weather towards the humid eastern slope. The bushes on the rim is where the Bay-vented Cotinga is sometimes observed, but we did not have the luck. We had a White-throated Hawk passing right above us. On the descent we saw a flock of 25 Golden-plumed Parakeets flying below us above the tree tops, the sun sparkling in their shining-green bodies, their golden plumes flashing as they turned around. Unforgettably beautiful. In the late afternoon we went down the road where only one person saw the Masked Saltator skulking in the low trees. It had been the day of the masquerade: Masked Mountain-Tanager, Masked Trogon, Masked Flowerpiercer, the saltator being the last participant, as deceptive as a masquerade itself.

September 2nd. The next day we travelled north to Cuenca by bus. On the way, we stopped at Acanama (north of San Lucas) - a place where Red-faced Parrots are often seen. Few patches of wood, but mostly clearings - more cleared than a few years ago. In a dark, damp gully a Crescent-faced Antpitta was singing and we stopped to call it out with the recorder. It came closer, we played back, and suddenly it was silent. We all stared and stared into the darkness on the ground where we supposed the bird to come out. Only too late did we discover it had been sitting fully exposed in the branches right above us, silently looking down upon us and we scared it away without getting a good view of it. A little-known species that only few birders have seen. 

We drove through villages of highland indians with introvert sceptical faces, dressed in the traditional manner with broad-rimmed hat, colourful ponchos and the ubiquitous rubber boots of the Andes. The landscape became drier and turned into an absurd moon landscape with scattered eucalyptus trees between barren and eroded hills. We stopped for lunch in a desert-like valley near Oña where condors are sometimes observed. We did not have the luck. The valley is the place of the last sighting of the Pale-headed Brush-Finch, now believed to be extinct, vanished with its habitat.

Cuenca is a distinguished town in colonial style with paved roads, elegant shops in houses with columns and ornaments, fashionably dressed people and large cathedrals with heavy domes. From the balcony of our hotel in the middle of town we had a view over the tile roofs to the cathedral with the blue domes. Cuenca, Guayaquil, Quito and Loja, the large cities of Ecuador are strikingly different. The top floor restaurant had a panoramic view over the city and they served excellent food in the usual European style with a shrimp salad as the starter and ice cream for dessert. And most of us - having heard that salads, shellfish and ice cream are the worst things to eat in countries like Ecuador - let the fine dishes go out untouched. One of us got a really bad stomach in Loja when he ordered a "surprise" and got shrimps - it probably depends on the standard of the place. I ate the shrimps in all decent-looking hotels and paid the price only in the Galapagos.

September 3rd. We rose at half past three in the morning to go for Las Cajas. We arrived in darkness at a little lake (Laguna Illincocha) in an alpine landscape of rocks and low grass at 3900 m. Here we stood freezing and had to realise that our target species for the morning - the Andean form of Great Horned Owl - was not in. When it became light we went for the small Polylepis grove behind us. The Polylepis trees are small and gnarled with the red bark hanging in flakes. Tawny Antpittas were common and easily observed on the ground that had very little cover. Tit-like Dacnis'es searched the tree tops. The hummers were slow starters in the morning chill. Chimborazo Hillstar clinged to the leaves of its favourite flower species, and the Blue-mantled Thornbill flew to its flowers in slow motion and settled on the leaves to sip. Suddenly an Andean Snipe flew in and landed right between us, freezing in the open forest floor, unable to hide. Out in the open we saw various alpine zone species when suddenly Erik discovered a Condor gliding away over a rim. We rushed along the ridge, but the bird did not show up again. Las Cajas is mostly open grasslands between rugged grey rocks. Horses were grazing the fields, and here and there Polylepis groves cling to the slopes. 

In the afternoon we went down to Laguna Llaviuco in the lower part of the park. A side track took us to a ramshackle bridge where we had to throw stones to keep the angry dogs at a distance. From there we walked a long way through farmlands. Many hummers were observed in the flowering trees: Shining Sunbeam, Mountain Velvetbreast and Green- and Black-tailed Trainbearers. The lake itself was boring - the surroundings were settled and the water used for trout raising, but there is a patch of indigenous forest and a fine view up through the valley. By a house partly in ruins we sat down to rest and to watch some trees full of long funnel-shaped red-and-yellow flowers. And suddenly it was there! A Sword-billed Hummingbird whirling rapidly around, entering the long flowers from below with precision, humming under them, dragging itself out revealing more and more of its unbelievably long bill - longer than the rest of the bird, settling for a little while in the tree with its long bill pointing directly upwards to avoid tilting. At the forest patch, we crossed a stream on a dam leading us to a meadow by the lake, where we watched the sky over the mountains hoping for condors. Instead we had two Grey-breasted Mountain-Toucans roaming through the bromeliad-laden crowns calling their resounding horn-like call.

September 4th. Macas Road is a road from the highlands to the tropics. Today, we birded it from the pass (in cold and fog) down, covering the entire temperate zone. The road is winding between green forested slopes. Grey clouds drifted in and seemed to give rain just above us all day. The place gave an impression of large tracts of undisturbed wilderness. But forest is cleared along all roads including the Macas Road. We saw clearings, burnt areas and small rough settler houses. There was even a gold miner's camp with a primitive wash out range in the river and a corrugated iron plate on poles. This is the rough frontier land where settlers meet nature. And the morality of Ecuador is that of a settler spirit based on the idea that nature is to be (over-)exploited. Birding in Ecuador is difficult because the localities are always destroyed shortly after the construction of the roads taking you to there. We drove down the road stopping at intervals. As usual with forest birding, birds were found in mixed feeding parties roaming through. 

September 5th. We took the morning flight to Quito where a small bus was waiting to take us to Cotopaxi. Our "own" bus had to make it to Quito by road. The small bus was uncomfortable and the exhaust seemed to be led into the bus. The guy from the travel agency claimed it was very hard to get busses because it was Saturday. We replied that he had had two years from the time of ordering. Cotopaxi National Park is entered at a lama farm and after a long drive through plantations of fir and eucalyptus you arrive at a paramo plain. We stopped by a wind-swept lake. It was bitterly cold and nearly raining. On the mud along the lake we saw many shorebirds and other waterbirds. In the sedges we flushed a few Noble Snipes and Paramo Pipits were found in the low grass. Then the sky cleared and the clouds withdrew from the splendid cone of Mount Cotopaxi. The entire ice-covered volcano was revealed glistening unnaturally white in the full highland sunshine. We continued to 4240 m by the road towards the mountaineering hut to a landscape of highland grass and a few flowers of the species attracting Chimborazo Hillstar. Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe is recorded here at far-between intervals. We formed a row and walked slowly down the slope, obviously the right way to get them: suddenly they appeared from nowhere in front of us, first there were two, then four, then eight. They flew like sandgrouse and had a cackling sound. We could get very near them and enjoy their fine vermiculated markings.  

We were taken to a German restaurant in Quito and then to our German-owned hotel with posters on the walls showing German towns and landscapes, the rooms having names of German towns instead of numbers. Many European communities live in Quito and stick to their culture - some of them dominated by a sudden influx after World War II.

September 6th. The next morning we headed for Papallacta Pass (4,000 m) to pursue our last chance for a condor. In the pass it was raining and storming and dense fog. We found Tufted Tit-Tyrant, White-chinned Thistle-tail and Red-rumped Bush-Tyrant but as we got wet and cold we sought shelter in the bus and waited at the pass for the weather to clear up. Families came up in small cars stuffed with children and dogs on their Sunday excursion to visit the madonna at the pass. They rushed out of their cars in light clothes to sacrifice and hurried back in, trembling. As the weather remained unsuitable for condors we left and descended the east slope. The road follows a river and the countryside is cultivated farmlands. At 2460 m there is a small alder forest between the road and the river. Years ago, birders noted that the same birds always seemed to be present in the one party they saw, and ringing has proved that the same party roams that 100x300 m grove from the slopes above all year round. We had a long search before the party appeared but we spent the time looking at (or for) a Sickle-winged Guan in the bamboo understory while a Masked Trogon male was more cooperative and could even be videoed. At last the party showed up with all the good old birds except the Dusky Piha which was absent for some reason. Back in Quito we celebrated the last evening of the three weeks tour at the fine El Rondo restaurant where dancers in local costumes performed a show with dances from different parts of Ecuador. We asked the band to play "El condor pasa".

September 7th. We had tried to book the morning flight for Coca, but advance booking is impossible because the oil company has the first choice on the flights to the Amazon. That gave us a little time in Quito and some of us went to Parque Carolina to see a Giant Hummingbird - a heavy creature humming in slow motion.

Transfer to La Selva. Flight to the little town of Coca (San Francisco del Orellana), a lazy hole with the cast off atmosphere of the tropics. From there we sailed almost three hours down the Rio Napo. The river is brown with strong currents around the many sandy islets. The boat criss-crossed the broad river all the time. On the lee side of islands, large trunks carried by the river had grounded. The boatsmen seemed to know the places and passed close by the traitorous trunks. Little settler houses with children waving and mothers washing in the river bordered the Napo. Many Swallow-wings sat in small groups in the tree tops, White-collared Swallows were common, Greater Yellow-headed Vultures soared over the river, a group of Speckled Chachalacas walked on branches overhanging the water, and Pied Lapwing and Yellow-billed Tern were observed on the sand bars. Landing in La Selva was new birds everywhere. I had the idea that we were to walk to the lodge and check in before starting the real birding and had not realised that this was the real birding. We walked this way many times again but this the first time was overwhelming. New birds around already at the landing site. A boardwalk of slippery bamboo sticks lead through a rich jungle with broad-leaved trees and palms standing in mud and water. Look at this! It is one of the rarest birds you have ever seen! Not many birders have seen that one! we were told. The thick-set bird sitting above the boardwalk just as we arrived was an Orange-crowned Manakin. We boarded the canoes and paddled through the black, quiet waters of the lagoon wondering how much we could turn and move to see a woodcreeper before we tilted. Hoatzins hissed at us from the branches low over the water. As we crossed the lagoon an evening flight of White-eyed Parakeet, Red-bellied Macaw and Chestnut-fronted Macaw passed screaming over. On top of the broken palm trunks on the shore, a pair of Blue-and-Yellow Macaws were sitting in the delicate light of the evening sun.

After dinner we went owling. We were taken along muddy trails through the dark jungle hearing the sounds of the night: bell-like frogs, metallic insects, coughing tree rats. Fire-flies glowed orange in the darkness. We climbed the observation tower where our guides called in Black-banded Owl and Crested Owl to "our" tree. At first we had to watch them in torch light but soon the heavy spotlight was ready and lit up the owls as if it was full daylight. We were all impressed by the professional level of the place.

La Selva is visited by both birders and ordinary tourists wanting to see the rain forest. During our stay, a group of typical American tourists saw a possible Harpy Eagle and two certain Jaguars. They saw the jaguars descend a tree while we were watching an antshrike 100 meters away - and they did not call. But afterwards they rushed to tell us what they had seen. Some of the guides are "general" (typically Americans) while others are birding guides (typically locals). Giovani and Fausto were our guides. Giovani is an outstanding birder, knowing all the sounds of the birds and how to call them out, and both of them had tremendous bird finding skills. In the middle of a hot afternoon they could suddenly spot a sleeping hummingbird in a tree. They were rainforest indians - their forefathers were probably head-hunters. They were taciturn and introvert and it seemed that the only six hundred English words they knew were the names of the birds of the area. When they discovered a bird they explained where it was by sketching the branches in its surroundings with their hands - but that was not always efficient.
         
The lodge is situated at a little lagoon. The main building contains the restaurant and the living room with the bar. The bed rooms are in cottages reached by bamboo boardwalks. All buildings are made entirely from local materials with palm leaf roofs and bamboo floors. There is no electricity. An oil lamp is brought to your room every evening, but you are very dependent on your torch, especially if you go birding at night. The bathroom has only cold water. The meals are very good. While we were at La Selva the sky was overcast most of the time and the temperature was around 25 degrees making birding comfortable all day despite the humidity. Living in the middle of nature was a pleasant change from the sometimes long bus rides in darkness. But the La Selva stay was definitely not relaxation. It was outstanding birding from before dawn to dark night throughout the stay. The lodge knows what to charge for its glories - but it was worth it every minute. 

September 8th. The next morning we crossed the lagoon in darkness and waited for the dawn at the narrow canal. Zigzag Herons flew about and settled on the branches where we spotlighted them - both adult and juvenile birds. Owls and nightjars called. In the early morning light a pair of the incredible Long-billed Woodcreeper appeared, a species confined to the inundated forest habitat - the varzea. At the landing site we called a Point-tailed Palmcreeper in - a little furnarid walking on the upper side of the leaves of the high palms and accordingly extremely difficult to get a good view of. Exciting birds and animals took our time along the boardwalk such as Spix's Guan and Black-mantled Tamarin. We crossed the Rio Napo to a steep bank where parrots come to eat from the mineral rich clay. Yellow-crowned Amazon, Blue-headed Parrot and hundreds of Dusky-headed Parrot made a lot of noise from the trees, and flocks of White-eyed Parakeet settled on the vertical bank eating from the mud. We went upstream for an hour or so and landed on a river island. The river islands are sand bars with fan palms. Many bird species are confined to these islands. With the help of a tape recorder, we saw quite a few of them.

In the afternoon, we went down the river to a forested river island to see Amazonian Umbrellabirds at their evening roost. The shy and strange birds were difficult to find in the trees, but Giovani and Fausto helped us track them down and get views of them through the foliage. Returning home across the lagoon at dusk we scored the hat-trick of Zigzag Heron, Agami Heron and Boat-billed Heron. In the evening, we heard the rare Long-tailed Potoo calling but could not call it in.

September 9th. We spent the whole next morning in the canopy tower, built around one of the tallest trees of the forest. A wooden staircase goes round and round the enormous trunk still two meters in diameter at the 30 m height of the observation platform. Blue-throated Piping-Guans walked on the branches of a neighbouring tree at dawn. Various parrots flew over, eight species in all. Flocks of five species of toucan came and went. A tall tree opposite attracted several species of cotinga. Mixed honeycreeper and dacnis parties passed close by the platform. Suddenly two raptors were sitting on one of the closest branches of our own tree and great was our excitement when we realised they were Black-faced Hawks. A troop of Squirrel Monkeys showed up accompanied by a Double-toothed Kite - a quiet little raptor that follows monkeys to catch the insects they flush. Even a Blue-crowned Manakin male had made it to the canopy to take a look at us. A great morning and a comfortable way to get the birds - just waiting for them to show up. In the mid day we went up to a little lake where a pair of Blue-crowned Trogons were building their nest. 

On the afternoon walk along another path near the lodge we saw some antbirds and a troop of small Dusky Titi-Monkeys with faces like pekingese dogs'. The bird of the walk was a Great Potoo. It was sleeping openly perched on a big branch in a large tree, somewhat resembling a giant owl but with a very different shapeless head. This bird has of one of the strangest night sounds of the Amazon jungle - a far reaching belch we had heard in the nights and mornings. - No nightbirds but many aggressive mosquitos by the tower tonight.

September 10th. Next day we visited the high terra firme forest along the Salado Trail on the opposite side of the Napo on a long excursion with packed lunch. The area is part of the large Yasuni National Park. One of the first birds of the morning was an aberrant Slate-coloured Hawk sitting at close range. Maybe a distinct, still undescribed species, we were told. Presumed new species, species under description and species recently rediscovered after 100 years of oblivion are normal ingredients of birding in Ecuador. The secretive antbirds of the forest floor are fascinating and Giovani had good skills calling them out in the open. Thus we got excellent views of 3 species of antthrush, one after the other. Then we saw a lek of Blue-backed Manakin, one of the species that dance in couples. Two males, the leader in full adult plumage and a young one in female plumage were dancing on a branch, hopping high in the air alternately, hopping over each other, uttering a strange metallic sound varying with the dance, like mechanical toys. Then a female showed up, and the leading male performed a new dance, cocking his tail up and making small hops, this time alone. We also saw males of White-crowned, Golden-headed and Wire-tailed Manakin - all species with colours so pure that they somehow stand out in the green of the jungle. We got a little apart and suddenly heard Niels playing the voice of Sapphire Quail-Dove. Giovani started doing the same thing - and managed to call in - Niels! - who looked very disappointed. It turned out that Niels had just missed a Sapphire Quail-Dove walking on the ground. In the afternoon, we ended at the salado. A few hundred Cobalt-winged Parakeets were noisy in the trees but did not come down. At other times of the year many species of parrot including macaws can be seen. Macaws were scarce during our stay whereas at other times they are numerous.

September 11th. We went to Mandicocha Lagoon north of the tower. It is as little lake full of water hyacinths. We sat in small canoes that were close to tilting every time we moved. Apart from that, it was a fine trip. Faded Azure Gallinules flew up from the water lilies and along the narrow canal we got excellent views of Cocha Antshrike (only known from one a hundred years old specimen until it was rediscovered in La Selva last year) and of the delicate and little known Dot-backed Antbird. From the landing spot on the other side of the lagoon we walked far out in the jungle along a trail where we made several crossings of muddy pools - mostly in a rather unprofessional way. 

September 12th. We departed La Selva in darkness and sailed back to Coca where our drivers and cook were waiting with the bus. The program of the day was the drive along Loreto road to Tena through tropical and upper tropical forest, birding along the road. But just outside Coca we were to cross a narrow sluggish river by cable ferry and we were halted. The cable was under repair due to an oil transport expected to cross tomorrow and maybe - maybe - we could cross at 4 p.m. It was 9 in the morning. The shortest alternative route to Tena was six hours of extra driving and after having seen the quality of the road we gambled on the ferry. We did some birding in the neighbourhood trying to avoid the grass which we believed to be infected with nasty chiggers. We did see some good things - the best of which was a pair of Southern Lapwing apparently breeding; the first Ecuadorian breeding record if confirmed. At the ferry nothing happened. They were waiting for the boss to come with a spare part we were told. We birded a little more. At 5 p.m. a barge was manouevred in beside the ferry ramp to take the waiting vehicles across the river. Had our driver been a little more alert we would have got on board, but suddenly a truck appeared from behind, overtook us down the slope and got stuck in the mud by the ramp. The driver was dumb enough to speed up which got it really stuck. The passage was blocked and the barge had to leave again. The men started to work on the cable and continued after sunset in the light of the welding apparatus. We lent them some torches, but that did not help much since the man up in the pole who did the work did not get a torch and the bunch watching from the ground was too far away to light up the spot. The manager kept them working for us because we had been waiting all day to cross and we were still at good spirits. At last the rickety fixing in the pole was completed and the cable was to be fastened on the ferry. A final nut was to be tightened and - oh no! - the nut fell into the river and there was no spare. No problem, the men dived on one and a half meters of water until they had found it. We crossed at nine and after a bumping night drive we woke up the staff at the hotel in Tena at 3 in the morning.

September 13th. We were a few serious hardbirders that set our alarm clocks at six. The area around hotel Auca in Tena (550 m) is a park-like landscape of cleared jungle with scattered trees and groves and many flowering trees. The many interesting species still present are probably remnants of the forest birds slowly vanishing and giving way to trash birds. Our hotel was a dilapidated old rainforest lodge on decline since the rain forest has been cleared and nobody has a reason to go to Tena anymore. There was no water when we rose because the water works close down at night, but as the hotel owner turned out to be the mayor of the city we could have the water turned on any time we wanted.

In the afternoon we drove up to Guacamayos which is a spur of the east Andes, mostly in the subtropical zone. This was a new zone to us providing many new species, especially many richly coloured tanagers. We stayed out until dark to listen for the rare Andean Potoo but to no avail.

September 14th. Loreto Road (Ministereo Road) is the name of the new road to Coca. We stopped a few km down the road in good forest. From the valley below us we could hear a lek of Cock-of-the-Rocks. We found a muddy path and descended the valley carefully. Near the bottom we found a fruiting tree. We sat down waiting a little up the steep path with a good view of the tree. Many fruit-eating species from the general area visited this tree. First, some female Cock-of-the-Rock were feeding. Then a magnificent orange male came in - a superb bird. Crested Quetzal, White-tailed Trogon, Grey-tailed Piha - a little-known species confined to a narrow altitudinal range, two species of toucan and two species of barbet, Plum-throated Cotinga, and then the little Fiery-throated Fruiteater came in to feed for a while. A Napo Sabrewing frequented the flowers growing up the trunk. Ash-browed Spinetails quietly followed a mixed party mostly hiding in the moss, while Deep-blue Flowerpiercer and White-backed Fire-eye showed up in the bushes around us as we waited. Thus, 3 of the rarest species of the entire journey: Grey-tailed Piha, Napo Sabrewing and Fiery-throated Fruiteater, were all seen in the same tree at the same time. They are all upper tropical species severely threatened because this narrow zone is rapidly claimed for growing coffee and narcotics along the entire Andes. The path we followed down the valley led to a habitation. The family followed by their noisy dogs came out to watch us from a safe distance with suspicious faces. They even experienced a 100 meters run for a Yellow-cheeked Becard. They were people trying to make a living from the place - as were the many others that had already cleared the forest down the road - and good-bye forever to Napo Sabrewing, Grey-tailed Piha and Fiery-throated Fruiteater.

September 15th. We rose at half past four - before the water was turned on - still marked by lack of sleep since the cable ferry incident. We went up to Guacamayos again. A few of us went down a muddy path and were watching a Chestnut-bellied Trush and an Andean Solitaire eating black berries from the bushes when we heard the call: "we have just seen a mega-party containing all the tanagers of South America". We rushed back to the road and saw the remnants of the party, including a couple of the spectacular Vermilion Tanager. Soon after, we saw a fine Booted Racket-tail male. Then we proceeded to the pass where we - as forecasted by Niels - drowned in rain. Actually Niels had forecasted drowning in rain every day - which may well be the reason we hardly got a drop which is quite extraordinary. We left early for Quito. In the river along the road we saw Torrent Duck. A walk in the residential quarters near the Quito satellite town of Tumbaco gave a few new species not seen in primary forest.

September 16th. After another night at the German hotel we went for Chiriboga Road (the old road to Santo Domingo). As the traffic now follows the new road the start of the old one is hard to find although it is still maintained because the main oil pipeline from the Amazon to the coast follows it. When we took a rest sitting on the pipeline, more than half the Ecuadorian GNP was flowing underneath us. Good forest is still found in many places along the road. The road descends the western slope from 3400 m at the pass to about 1000 m at the end of the road. We took most of the day for the trip making birding stops in the temperate and subtropical zones. We had breakfast in the temperate zone, enjoying some Agile Tit-Tyrants. For a long stretch, the road followed a stream and we had a splendid view of forested slopes with bromeliad-laden trees. Here we saw the western slope red male of Andean Cock-of-the-Rock, Golden-headed Quetzal and a Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan inspecting the bromeliads.

Tinalandia is a hotel with a golf course and a little patch of humid forest. It is situated on a slope with the reception and restaurant at the foot and a gravel road winding up to the cottages above. Its owner, Sra Tina, a russian noblewoman, fled her native Ukraine in 1921 when the red army took over and for some strange reason settled in Ecuador and bought a remote patch of jungle. The nonagenarian appeared at dinner in robes and hats from another age, radiating a strange nobility in her own manners. But another revolution has passed her. Tinalandia was a pioneering rain forest lodge in the remotest accessible part of the country, taking the few tourists of the time into contact with the jungle. Now the jungle has been cleared and the main road between Quito and Guayaquil cuts through the view from the rooms where formerly forested slopes were seen. Blurred sepia-brown photographs on the walls show jungles and indian tribes no longer existing and faded skins of jaguars and crocodiles remind you of a lost wildlife no longer around. Not many guests come here anymore. The golf course is decaying, only shined up once a year for a championship within one or two of the immigrant communities. The car taking you to dinner from the cottages passes under the shower of the broken water pipe every day as an odd ritual.

September 17th. Antbirds of the primary forest have their territories in the forest floor and some wandering species still roam between Tinalandia and other patches of forest remaining in the neighbourhood. We spent a full day on the estate and saw really many birds. The bushes around the cottages attract honeycreepers and the like and the golf course is good for toucans - but most species are found in the forest where Grey-headed Kite and Blue-tailed Trogon were among the highlights. Immaculate and Chestnut-backed Antbird were so common that you saw them quietly moving around in the forest floor when you stopped to watch a mixed party. Funny little Nightingale Wrens walked around in the dark understory and those lucky enough to have an eye on the right Heliconia at the right moment saw the peculiar White-tipped Sicklebill.

September 18th. Rio Palenque is a small reserve operated by an American university and used for scientific studies. It is the only remaining forest in a vast area of plantations. The birdlife here is of the pacific lowland rainforest type. This forest has its core area further north in the inaccessible Esmeraldas province where it is characterised by extreme amounts of rainfall. Walking around in the reserve all day gave a long bird list - actually the days here and in Tinalandia gave some of the longest day lists of the journey.

September 19th. Driving back to Quito on the Chiriboga Road, we concentrated on the upper tropical zone. The forest remains only in a few groves between fields used for cattle grazing. We saw a lot of species in this mixed habitat. The most exciting bird of the day was a male Scaled Fruiteater. At first we could just hear its soft and sad prolonged whistle, but at last we found it - at close range at eye level in some low trees.  A low flowering tree was frequented by several species of hummingbirds, among which were several Andean Emeralds. Stunning White-winged Tanagers were around in the higher trees. We continued to the subtropical zone, where where we got excellent views of a pair of Toucan Barbets and managed to call a Barred Forest-Falcon out from its haunt by play back of its call.
September 20th. The last day was scheduled for the Imperial Snipe. Known only from a few skins from last century collectors the species was assumed extinct, but in recent years it has been found in several locations in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador. It lives in the timberline zone and display flies at night in the rainy season. Niels had discovered it on Mount Pichincha and the rainy season was just about to start. We had hired 3 jeeps to take us up along the muddy tracks on the mountain side. They were supposed to be at our hotel at half past six but the first driver appeared almost an hour later and he had to make new arrangements for other vehicles. We ended up going in two jeeps two hours late. First we drove up to Yanacocha on a slope where lots of people were working on the ditch. Yanacocha lies at an altitude of 3,500 m where the temperate forest becomes low and scrubbish. Despite the noise and the people there were many Andean Guans and we also saw Black-chested Mountain-Tanager and Crowned Chat-Tyrant. Then we set off for the polylepis woods of Yanayacu lying at the end of a muddy track up to a remote and miserable hut with a few cows around. The packed lunch was Kentucky fried chicken, absolutely undelicate, and the grassy area where we had it was inhabited by thousands and thousands of little insects creeping into everywhere biting and itching. As it soon started to rain we sought shelter in the jeeps but the insects kept coming in through invisible openings. When we had become desperate we left the car to watch birds in the rain. We saw a Giant Conebill that followed a party of polylepis species, a fine male of Rainbow-bearded Thornbill sitting right beside our rain shelter and an Undulated Antpitta that came out on the track in the evening. We waited until darkness in the rain and mist but our snipe did not show up.

Then we drove home. The first jeep was just a landcruiser and its driver looked like a smart townsman, and we wondered whether he knew what he was going into. He did. The second jeep looked like a real safari vehicle and the driver looked like a tough guy. You can't tell people from their faces. When we were to pass a muddy section with deep wheel tracks, the townsman made sure to keep the wheels between the tracks and got through without problems. The tough guy - despite having seen what to do - drove down in the tracks, and when he got stuck he speeded up so that the wheels worked their way down until the body of the car was resting on the ground. What do you do with a jeep stuck in the mud at an altitude of 3,800 m on a deserted muddy track in heavy rain and deep darkness? The driver felled a polylepis tree with his machete. We collected some stones and built a basis for operating the jack. We got the tree under the one wheel, the stones under the others and then we pushed the best we could. And we pushed more, which was a hard job at this altitude. And when the helpless driver finally unblocked the brake, we got the car out of the mud. We arrived late - and cold and tired and prickled with little red insect bites and with muddy clothes - to El Rondo where we celebrated our last evening.

DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES VISITED IN ECUADOR.

This chapter deals with mainland Ecuador only. In the Galapagos Islands, you are restricted to certain landing spots as well as the inhabited areas, and the birdlife of all of those is adequately described in Mike Harris' book, as well as in the diary of Jesper Meedom, included in this report.

Despite its small size, Ecuador is home to an impressive 1,530 species of birds (only Peru and Colombia hold more species). The foundation for the very diverse birdlife is the high number of zoogeographic zones within the country. The Andes run through Ecuador from north to south between the Amazonian and Pacific lowlands. On both sides of the Andes, Ecuador contains all altitudinal zones from tropical to alpine. The Pacific lowlands are very diverse themselves, ranging from semidesert in the southwest to very wet tropical forest in the northern part of the region.  

To get a long bird list, you must visit as many zoogeographic zones and habitats as possible. Our tour itinerary took us through all major zones, except Pacific wet tropical, which is actually one of the richest zones. However, its richness is due not only to the high diversity of the Choco endemic centre but also to the relatively undeveloped state of much of the Esmeraldas province, meaning virtually no facilities are available to tourists. To exploit the region you need a jeep, a tent and lots of stamina. Your reward may be spectaculars like Harpy Eagle, Long-wattled Umbrellabird, Great Green Macaw and Banded Ground-Cuckoo (and many other Choco endemics).    

Below the localities birded on our tour are described more or less in the order visited. Altitudinal ranges stated indicate ranges birded by us, not the full range of the locality in question. For each locality, the name of the province is given together with the approximate latitude and longitude.

WEST OF GUAYAQUIL

Engunga Hills (arid tropical, 100-300 m, Guayas, 0225S 8032)

Going west towards Salinas on the main road from Guayaquil, you will see a range of hills rising from the otherwise quite flat countryside on your left about 15 km after the town of Progreso. On what appears to be the summit, some large antennas have been installed, making it easy to recognise the place. A gravel road crosses the plain from the main road and climbs the hills which are covered by rather dry scrub with scattered trees.

This habitat is excellent for dry land species restricted to southwest Ecuador and adjacent northwest Peru (the so-called Tumbesian endemics), and birding from the road is quite convenient. During a short visit, we recorded species like Pale-browed Tinamou, Scrub Nightjar, Necklaced Spinetail, Elegant Crescentchest and White-edged Oriole, and this is one of the few known Ecuadorian localities for West Peruvian Screech-Owl.

Cerro Alto (arid tropical, < 50 m, Guayas, 0210S 8047)

A little south of the village of San Pablo on the Pacific coast, a gravel road goes inland past a small dump. After a few km you arrive at the village of Cerro Alto. The village itself is absolutely not attractive, but the dry riverbed behind it (Rio Grande) harbours breeding Peruvian Thick-knee, Burrowing Owl and Short-tailed Field-Tyrant. The dry bushland around the village and along the road is excellent for dry land species such as Short-tailed Woodstar, Parrot-billed Seedeater, Crimson Finch and Collared Warbling-Finch. While having breakfast by the bus in the village, we saw Peruvian Pygmy-Owl, Baird's Flycather, Fasciated Wren and Scarlet-backed Woodpecker.

Most of the species mentioned above are fairly widespread, Cerro Alto being just a place where you can get quite many Tumbesian endemics quite rapidly. 

San Pablo (Guayas, 0206S 8047)

San Pablo is a small fishing village on the Pacific coast 15 km north of Santa Elena. Magnificent Frigatebirds circle overhead, a Blue-footed Booby may be spotted over the sea, and on the beach you will find a few gulls, terns and shorebirds. However, the abandoned salinas north of the village just before the bridge are much better for the latter. We recorded fair numbers of Wilson's Phalaropes there.

Punta Carnero (Guayas, 0218S 8055)

The dry grasslands inland from the punta are home to the rather localised Sulphur-throated Finch. When we were there, the whole area was being burnt off which may well explain the absence of the target species on that occasion. High numbers of seedeaters and a few Band-tailed Sierra-Finches were the most interesting birds observed in this unattractive area.

Laguna Escuasal (Guayas, 0216S 8056)

This is a vast maze of salinas attracting large numbers of a wide variety of waterbirds. Chilean Flamingos are often seen here, and if you want to bet on turning up a rare shorebird, this is the place you should be searching. The salinas can be seen from the coastal road west of Punta Carnero and are easily accessible because of the dikes between them.        

Cerro Blanco (semiarid tropical, 50-300 m, Guayas, 0210S 8002)

The low southeastern-most extension of the Cordillera de Colonche is called Chongon Hills. From a naturalist's point of view, the "mountain" called Cerro Blanco is by far the most interesting area near Guayaquil. It is owned by the cement company operating the large plant at its foot on the main road towards Salinas, 10 km west of the city. Behind the plant, a steep track winds up the hills and then levels out. Cerro Blanco is covered by fine deciduous woodland, and walking up and down the level part of the road is simply excellent for birding. It requires a permit from the cement company to be allowed to ascend this track.

We had low clouds all morning, keeping the birds active almost until noon, and felt that this is really a first class locality. To mention a few of the species we observed: King Vulture, Collared Forest-Falcon, Ecuadorian Ground-Dove, Grey-cheeked Parakeet, Guayaquil Woodpecker, Red-billed Scythebill, Blackish-headed Spinetail, Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner, White-tailed Jay, Ecuadorian and Plumbeous-backed Thrushes and all 3 Tumbesian wren species. In addition, one or two pairs of Great Green Macaw breed in the vicinity and are seen here occasionally. Howler monkeys are often heard (seen with luck), and large bird spiders can be found with little effort.

At the base of the hills, a drier habitat is found. The birdlife here is similar to that of Engunga Hills and Cerro Alto and was not studied by us. 

SOUTHERN ECUADOR

From a naturalist's point of view, the provinces of El Oro and Loja in Southern Ecuador are probably one of the most extensively destroyed areas in the entire world. The Pacific lowlands have been turned into banana plantations and nearly all upland forest has been cleared, resulting in extensive wastelands.

El Vado (Pacific tropical, 200 m, El Oro, 0334S 7957)

The main road from Santa Rosa towards Macará and Loja soon enters the Santa Rosa river valley and starts climbing the foothills. About 15 km from Santa Rosa, near the settlement of El Vado, the river veers away from the road from which you have a good veiw upstream (Green Kingfisher).

The low ridges on both sides of the road are partly covered by trees and secondary growth and hold several interesting species - we saw Laughing Falcon, Rufous-headed Chachalaca and Grey-cheeked Parakeet.

Piñas (Pacific upper tropical, 800-900 m, El Oro, 0339S 7945)

Near Piñas in central El Oro, some small patches of upper tropical cloud forest are still found, although they are highly threatened by clearing. The best habitat is found some 9 km west of Piñas. On the north side of the main road to Santa Rosa is a religious shrine. The gravel road going north on the east side of the shrine is the remnants of the old main road through the El Oro province. Birding along this road can be rewarding, but the best birding is along the muddy trail going downhill to the left a few hundred meters past the shrine.

The list of birds recorded in this area is very impressive, and the 2 half days we spent here did certainly not do the place any justice. Many Red Data Book species are found, such as Grey-backed Hawk, El Oro Parakeet, Ochre-bellied Dove and Long-wattled Umbrellabird. Niels Krabbe has recently described a new species of tapaculo (Ecuadorian Tapaculo) from here. Other regular species are Red-masked Parakeet, Rose-faced Parrot, Violet-tailed Sylph, Club-winged Manakin and Buffy Tuftedcheek.

The shrilling sound of chain-saws is constantly heard, leaving you the impression that the locality will be non-existing the next time you are passing through. Conservation measures must be taken immediately to save the remnants of this little paradise.

Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, 0405-0425S 7857-7912)

Podocarpus probably has the highest number of bird species of any park in the world. Some 500 species of birds have been recorded so far, and still relatively little work has been done in the subtropical zone. The park encompasses all (east slope) zones from upper tropical to alpine habitats. 2 areas within the park are readily accessible to visitors:

Cajanuma (temperate, 0407S 7910): This area is reached by going south on the main road from Loja for about 10 km. A rough (sign-posted) gravel road towards the east ends at park headquarters after about 8.5 km. Birding is fine, both along the upper part of the road and along the paths above headquarters. The "Sendero al Mirador" path starting at the headquarters takes you to a fantastic viewpoint (3,000 m). The path taking off from the road about 100 m from the headquarters is called "Sendero a Las Lagunas del Compadre" and goes goes all the way up to the alpine zone (paramo) - if it is not too windy this long walk is recommendable to hardy birders.
We spent 2 whole days in this beautiful area, covering the altitudinal range from 2,600 to 3,200 m, and got many nice birds on the list, to mention a few: Bearded Guan, Golden-plumed Parakeet, Rainbow Starfrontlet, Purple-backed Thornbill, Barred Fruiteater, Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia, Masked Saltator and Masked Mountain-Tanager. The low bushes around the viewpoint is the only known Ecuadorian locality for the rare Bay-vented Cotinga. If you get to the paramo, look for Neblina Metaltail and Pale-footed Swallow.

Bombuscaro (upper tropical, 0406S 7858): From the town of Zamora a rough track goes south on the west side of Rio Bombuscaro. Taking this track as long as it is driveable leaves you only a short walk (1-2 km) through excellent habitat to the quarters of the park guard. To the day visitor, Bombuscaro is a beautiful and exciting upper tropical forest locality at about 1,000 m, and the path from here leads up to the little known subtropical zone of the park. To get the optimum experience in this area, you should stay in Zamora (may not be possible for a large group). We stayed in Loja, and despite a 4 a.m. start, we did not arrive at Bombuscaro until 7 which is clearly too late in this zone.

Nevertheless, we saw some exciting species, such as Ecuadorian Piedtail, Crimson-bellied Woodpecker, Ecuadorian Bristle-Tyrant and Yellow-breasted Antwren. The place is famed for species like White-breasted Parakeet, Umbrellabird, Cock-of-the-Rock and even the little-known Shrike-like Cotinga.

Acanamá (east slope temperate, 3100 m, Loja, 0340S 7914)

Going north from Loja on the paved main road, a gravel road takes off to the east just before San Lucas. It rejoins the main road north of San Lucas. From the gravel road, some 7 km northeast of town, a track goes down to the right towards some antennas. After about 1 km on this track you come to an area where patches of wet temperate forest are still found. "Wet" can be taken literally - the place is very damp with rich mosses and epiphytes, and the annual precipitation is very high.

The rare Red-faced (Rusty-faced) Parrot is occasionally seen here, and it is one of the very few known localities for Crescent-faced Antpitta, one of the most spectacular and least known antpittas. Tawny-breasted Tinamou is also found, and we enjoyed great views of a pair of Mountain Caracara (rare in Ecuador). Buff-winged Starfrontlet is numerous.        

Las Cajas (west slope temperate/alpine, 3000-3900 m, Azuay, 0246-50S 7908-14)

Las Cajas is a beautiful so-called recreational area to the west of the pleasant city of Cuenca. The road from there to Molleturo passes through the area. After passing the entrance gate the road goes up through a long green valley bordered by spectacular mountains. The valley is mostly cleared and cultivated. Eventually, the road climbs up the left side of the valley and levels out in an area with numerous lakes dotted about.

20 km from the entrance, the small building to the right is park headquarters. After another km or so, a track on your left goes down along a small lake at about 3,900 m. To the left is a patch of Polylepis and beyond this are some steep cliffs. We spent the very early morning here, hoping to see the local breeding pair of Great Horned Owl. The area is fine for high altitude species such as Andean Snipe, cinclodes, hummingbirds, Tit-like Dacnis and others. The lake is called Laguna Illincocha.

A few km below headquarters a significant patch of Polylepis remains on the slope on the south side of the road. We spent a couple of hours here and found Violet-throated Metaltail (endemic to the Azuay province) in addition to Mouse-coloured Thistletail, Andean Tit-Spinetail and other common high altitude species. Keep an eye open for Giant Conebill here.

Further back, some 5 km from the entrance, a small road branches off to the south at a settlement. Soon it crosses a primitive wooden bridge and turns right. We walked all the way from the bridge through cultivated fields with brushes (good for hummingbirds) to Laguna Llaviuco at the end of the road. At the southwest end of the lake is an abandoned (?) building with several flowering trees around. These are excellent for Sword-billed Hummingbird as well as other hummingbird species. On the north side of the lake is a patch of good temperate forest (altitude 3,000 m) holding Grey-breasted Mountain-Toucan.

In Las Cajas an eye should always be directed towards the sky - a condor can sail past any moment.

Macas road (temperate, 2,200-3,300 m, Azuay/Morona-Santiago, 0300-02S 7832-41)
The road from Gualaceo (east of Cuenca) to the towns east of the Andes does not carry much traffic and goes through quite extensive areas of fine temperate forest. We birded the stretch from the pass (paramo at 3,300 m) about 24 km east of Gualaceo down to about 2,200 m (some 25 km from the pass), i.e. uppermost subtropical zone.

The paramo zone should be checked for Black-backed Bush-Tanager, Masked and Black-chested Mountain-Tanagers, Viridian Metaltail (the race atrigularis) and Mouse-coloured Thistletail. The area near a gaudy sign is good for these species.

The temperate forest holds many interesting species such as Barred Parakeet (bamboo specialist), Orange-banded Flycatcher, Black-throated Tody-Tyrant, Grey-breasted Mountain-Toucan, Black-headed Hemispingus, Red-hooded Tanager and Yellow-billed Cacique.

The same is true of the subtropical forest, featuring species like Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet, Bronze-olive Pygmy-Tyrant, Chestnut-breasted Wren, Black-billed Peppershrike, Blue-naped Chlorophonia and White-capped Tanager.

DAY TRIPS FROM QUITO

The parks of Quito, e.g. Parque La Carolina, hold Giant Hummingbird, lots of Sparkling Violetear, Black-tailed Trainbearer, Black Flowerpiercer and Blue-and-yellow Tanager.

Quito is a quite pleasant and safe city, dramatically different from Guayaquil. The old city has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Cotopaxi (alpine, 3,900-4,300 m, Cotopaxi, 0037-39S 7826-28)

Parque Nacional Cotopaxi is situated just 1.5 hour's drive south of Quito on the Pan American Highway. There are signs for the park. Going east on the dirt road into the park, you travel quite a distance through plantations of introduced conifers. This habitat is largely sterile. Eventually you reach a high altitude paramo plain (3,900 m), home to cinclodes, canasteros and other species.

2 areas should be visited within the park. Across the plain is the lake called Laguna de Limpiopungo. This lake is good for ducks, Andean Gull, Andean Coot and migrant shorebirds. The boggy surroundings are excellent for Andean Lapwing, Noble Snipe and Paramo Pipit. Baird's Sandpipers abound on the drier grassland.

A rough road goes up towards the climber's refuge at 4,700 m on the mighty Cotopaxi volcano. We drove up to 4,300 m and walked slowly down to 4,000 m over the grassy slopes. This was highly rewarding with species like Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe, Black-winged Ground-Dove, Streak-backed Canastero, Andean Snipe and Upland Sandpiper. The canyon up here holds breeding Great Horned Owl.

Lasso Marsh (inter-andean, 3,000 m, 0046S 7837)

The town of Lasso lies some 7 km south of the Cotopaxi turnoff on the Pan American Highway. Just south of town, a small road goes west (sign for Hosteria La Cienega). After about 1 km this road passes through a small marshy area. This is one of the few known Ecuadorian localities for Subtropical Doradito.

Papallacta Pass (alpine, 3,900-4,050 m, Pichincha and Napo, 0019S 7813)

The main road from Quito to the Amazon crosses the eastern chain of the Andes at Papallacta Pass. Near the pass are habitats like paramo, grasslands, brushes and Polylepis. Due to bad weather we were not able to do any justice to this area, which is perhaps the surest spot in Ecuador for Andean Condor (especially in the morning). Other species regularly observed are Curve-billed Tinamou, White-chinned Thistletail, Red-rumped Bush-Tyrant, Giant Conebill and Black-backed Bush-Tanager.

Alder Forest (east slope temperate/subtropical, 2,450 m, Napo, 0023S 7801)
As the narrow main road winding down from Papallacta towards Baeza reaches an altitude of 2,450 m at the river of Rio Maspa Chico, some 15-20 km from Papallacta, a quite special habitat is found: alder forest. The habitat is secondary but nevertheless ornithologically interesting with species like Sickle-winged Guan, Scaly-naped Amazon, Dusky Piha, Rufous-breasted Flycatcher, Red-hooded Tanager, Black-eared Hemispingus and Slaty Brush-Finch.

Tumbaco (inter-andean, 2,400 m, Pichincha, 0017S 7823)

Tumbaco is a satellite town of Quito, lying on the main road towards the east. We spent an hour or two birding in the Barrio Santa Rosa area, because it is the home of Niels Krabbe, and because we were to have dinner at the fine French restaurant lying here. The hedgerows and brushes of Tumbaco are quite good for Giant Hummingbird, White-bellied Woodstar, Blue-tailed Emerald, Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant, Rusty Flowerpiercer and Scrub Tanager, all common species somewhat restricted to habitats easily "forgotten" by birders.

Pichincha (west slope temperate, 3,500-3,800 m, Pichincha, 0006-08S 7835)

Mount Pichincha is a large volcano immediately west of Quito. We visited 2 areas on this mountain on a single day trip out of Quito (the last day of the tour). 

The road to Yanacocha branches off to the left from the Nono road about 10 km from its start at Avenida Occidental. Immediately, it climbs a ridge which it follows between fields past a farm. 1.3 km from the start (at the Nono road) the left at the fork is taken, almost immediately followed by another fork where the right is taken. After another km or so, the right at the fork is taken. The brushes along the road from here are said to be excellent for hummingbirds. The road makes a sharp left turn where another road joins from the right and starts the descent down the left side of a valley with excellent temperate forest. 

The irrigation ditch that can be glimpsed to the left after the join can be reached by car. The path along the ditch (Yanacocha) provides excellent birding opportunities. Unfortunately, lots of people were working on restoring the ditch when we were there. This caused a lot of noise which is why we did not stay very long. Still we got some nice birds: Andean Guan, White-capped Parrot, Crowned Chat-Tyrant and Black-chested Mountain-Tanager. Other species that may be found here include Swallow-tailed Nightjar, Golden-breasted Puffleg and Mountain Avocetbill.

Going back towards Quito, after having passed the road joining from the left, the first track going uphill to the right (1-2 km from the join) - definitely a four wheel drive track - ends in area of extensive Polylepis at 3,700-3,800 m. On the way, several fences must be opened (and closed) to get through. This area is called Yanayacu and is home to several exciting species, foremost among which is the Imperial Snipe, found here by Niels Krabbe a couple of years ago. Unfortunately, its display season seems to be from  October to May (i.e. the wet season) so we had to settle for less: Giant Conebill, a magnificent Rainbow-bearded Thornbill %, Rufous and Undulated Antpitta right on the track and Black-chested Mountain-Tanager.

EASTERN ECUADOR

La Selva Lodge (tropical, 250 m, Napo, 0029-32S 7618-24)

This American driven lodge in the Ecuadorian Amazon is expensive but extremely well operated. You will be picked up by lodge staff at the airstrip in Coca and taken 3 hours down the Rio Napo in a motorized canoe. The lodge is situated at an oxbow lake called Garzacocha, a short hike and canoe paddle off the busy river. Accommodations are simple but quite adequate, and the food is good and safe. Last but certainly not least, the lodge management has been wise enough to hire local people as birding guides - and they are fantastic.

The bird life of La Selva is very rich - we saw about 275 species (including 33 antbirds and 29 tyrant flycatchers) in 4 days. Among the birds recorded here are spectaculars like Salvin's and Nocturnal Curassows, Harpy Eagle, Crested Eagle, several hawk-eagles and Grey-winged Trumpeter - just to mention a few of the species we did not encounter.

Our La Selva program was designed to cover all the main habitats of the area (varzea and terra firme forest, cocha, river and river islands etc.):

Garzacocha: The lake and the adjoining varzea forest is conveniently birded from a canoe and the boardwalk from the south side of the lake to Rio Napo. Species to be expected include Zigzag, Agami and Boat-billed Herons, Hoatzin, Long-billed and Cinnamon-throated Woodcreepers, Spectacled Owl, Orange-crowned Manakin and Point-tailed Palmcreeper. Around the lodge, look for hummingbirds in the flowering trees and raptors overhead.

Canopy tower: An observation tower built around a giant tree in excellent terra firme forest 20 minutes walk from the lodge provides outstanding opportunities for seeing canopy species at eye level: parrots, toucans, woodpeckers, tanagers and many more. In addition to many of those species, we saw a pair of the rare Black-faced Hawk in the tree where we spent a full morning from 6 to 10. The tower is also the best place to go owling in the evening; with a little luck - and the help of a tape recorder -, exceptional views of Black-banded and Crested Owls can be obtained and 3 species of Potoo may be heard (or even seen).

The trail leading to the tower and the trail along the north side of Garzacocha are both good for antbirds. Spix's Guan should be seen as well, and a Great Potoo has its daytime perch in a tree here.

Mandicocha: 20 minutes walk past the canopy tower lies the water hyacinth covered lake of Mandicocha. Canoeing on Mandicocha and the sluggish waterway (cocha) between the lake and Rio Napo may yield species like Sungrebe, Horned Screamer, Azure Gallinule, Cocha Antshrike, Dot-backed Antbird and Velvet-fronted Grackle. A pair of Blue-crowned Trogon was nesting at the end of the trail from the lodge.

Mandicocha trail: From the north side of Mandicocha, a trail goes far into the jungle. It was rather quiet when we were there, but many exciting species have been recorded and the "remoteness" of the area (once you get a couple of km away from the lake) makes it a good candidate for the spectacular species mentioned in the above introductory paragraph.

Salado trail: This trail is found on the south side of Rio Napo and is named after the mineral rich clay deposits found there. The salados attract numerous parrots, including macaws, but often the parrots do not dare to descend from the tree tops, and you just hear their noisy hoarse screams. 

The trail goes through excellent high terra firme forest where many species not seen easily elsewhere in La Selva are found, including 8 species of Manakin, Yellow-billed Jacamar, 3 species of Antthrush and several fancy species of antbirds. In addition, we recorded a nest-building Many-spotted Hummingbird (new species to La Selva).

Rio Napo: Islands in the river hold an avifauna of their own. We visited a quite large island upstream from La Selva, holding Castelnau's Antshrike, Black-and-white Antbird, several species of Spinetail, Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant and other river island specialties. Downstream from La Selva, a rather small island with large trees is a night time roost for Amazonian Umbrellabird. 

On the south river bank, not far from La Selva, some salados are found that used to attract many species of parrots, but due to increased military activity (a military camp is lying right above) the number of parrots have decreased considerably. When sailing on the river, Bare-necked Fruitcrow and other large birds are often seen crossing the river or perching in large trees on the banks together with White-eared Jacamar, Long-tailed Tyrant and others.

Coca (tropical, 280 m, Napo, 0028S 7659)

Coca must be a candidate for the title "the least charming town in Ecuador". It is really an awful, muddy place, the existence of which is based solely on the oil industry. Its airstrip and its position on the north bank of Rio Napo makes it the gateway to La Selva. Rio Payamino flows into Rio Napo just west of town. 

Virtually no primary habitat remains in the vicinity of Coca east of Rio Payamino which must be crossed by cable ferry to get to the Loreto road, along which excellent opportunities for birding are still available. To bird the lower (tropical) part of that road, Coca would probably be your base. We had planned to cover this stretch in the late morning on our way from La Selva to Tena but had to spend the entire day in Coca (see diary). 

We visited 2 areas around Coca: first we spent 4 hours a few km north of town between the main road and Rio Payamino where we recorded Brown Jacamar, Plumbeous Kite (common), Cinnamon Attila and Yellow-billed Nunbird. The rest of the day we spent waiting at the river crossing where a short walk along the gravel road to the southeast produced Southern Lapwing, Blue Ground-Dove and White-eared Jacamar. In the evening, Red-throated Caracara was seen, and Common Potoo and Tropical and Tawny-bellied Screech-Owls were heard just across the river. 

Tena (upper tropical, 530 m, Napo, 0059S 7748-49)

Tena used to be a jungle outpost, but today the area around the city is largely cleared and replaced by agricultural and other secondary habitats. The secondary scrubs around hotel Auca, lying by the river north of Tena, are still worth birding, because some of the smaller forest species remain. In one morning of birding we saw 4 Tody-Flycatchers (including Golden-winged), Blue-winged Parrotlet, Blackish Rail, White-browed Antbird and Ornate Antwren. The area just across the river is best.

Cordillera de Guacamayos (subtropical, 1,700-2,250 m, Napo, 0037-39S 7747-49)

Not much readily accessible forest remains in the subtropical zone of the east Andes. The most easily accessible is that of Guacamayos which is an outstanding area for birds, some 40 km north of Tena. We spent 2 half days here - but could easily have used a lot more time.

Going north from Tena towards Baeza, the first good forest reached lies at an altitude of about 1,700 m. A short muddy trail leads to a viewpoint, but the road carries little traffic and you might as well bird from it. This is tanager country - we saw 20 species, including Vermillion, Blue-browed, Metallic-green and Yellow-throated Tanagers, Golden-collared Honeycreeper and Bronze-green Euphonia. We also saw Crested Quetzal, Booted Racket-tail, Violet-fronted Brilliant and Chestnut-bellied Thrush. In addition, we heard the song of a then still unidentified antpitta. Niels Krabbe has later succeeded in collecting one bird and identifying the species: Moustached Antpitta, previously known from 2 Colombian specimens and believed to be a very rare Colombian endemic.  

At 1,900 m, at a clearing and a house, with lots of luck you may hear and even see Andean Potoo calling and Lyre-tailed Nightjar flying out at dusk. White-throated Screech-Owl, Rufous-banded Owl and Rufous-bellied Nighthawk require less luck to get.

At the pass at 2,250 m is a small radio station. A path starts from here going far into the area. Many interesting species can be found along this path as well as from the road near the pass, e.g. White-capped Parrot, Black-billed Mountain-Toucan, Barred Antthrush, Slate-crowned Antpitta, Dusky Piha, Mountain Cacique and White-capped Tanager.

We did not do any birding north of the pass.

Loreto road (upper tropical, 1,000-1,350 m, Napo, 0042-44S 7743-46)

This is the road from Coca to north of Tena. Since the road is rather new, good habitat is still found in many places along the road - especially along the lower lying (300-600 m), i.e. distant from Tena, part. We birded only the highest part of the road where much of the habitat is seriously degraded already. The lower lying forested areas have an Amazonian avifauna, i.e. most species are found in areas such as La Selva as well.
Some 3 km down the road a steep muddy path goes down the valley on the south side of the road. The valley is home to several spectacular species such as Andean Cock-of-the-Rock, Plum-throated Cotinga, Fiery-throated Fruiteater and Crested Quetzal, most easily observed if you can find a fruiting tree - just sit down and wait. Napo Sabrewing, Grey-tailed Piha, White-backed Fire-eye and Wing-banded Wren are also found here. At dusk you are likely to hear Rufescent and Vermiculated Screech-Owls, and with luck you may see a Lyre-tailed or Blackish Nightjar fly out.
  
Otherwise we birded from the road (mainly between km 13 and km 18) which does not carry much traffic. Among the species regularly reported from this stretch are Military Macaw and Orange-breasted Falcon (nesting next to the road). This upper part of the road is also good for tanager parties, hummingbirds and Cliff Flycatcher.

WEST OF QUITO

Chiriboga road (upp trop. to temperate, 1,000-3,200 m, Pichincha, 0015-18S 7838-49)

The old main road from Quito to Santo Domingo west of the Andes is now often called Chiriboga road after the largest village along its course. The road is still being maintained because the trans-Andean pipeline follows it. The road starts from the village of San Juan southwest of Quito. Keep left in the village (you may have to ask the local people for the road to Chiriboga).

Quite much forest remains here, although significant areas have been cleared or burnt recently. Birding must be done from the road - there are few or no trails.

We birded mainly in the subtropical and upper tropical zone. Just after San Juan is an area of farmlands and paramo, but soon the road climbs down through temperate forest on the right side of a rather steep valley. Some 20 km from San Juan you reach the bottom of the valley and cross the stream which will now be on your right for the next 8 km (i.e. to Chiriboga) on a fairly level stretch of the road. The stream is excellent for Torrent Duck and White-capped Dipper. 

Along the road, the habitat is mostly secondary growth with scattered patches of good forest, but across the stream extensive subtropical forest remains, and since the valley is steep and narrow, you may well see some nice birds over there from the road. We went for a walk somewhere in the vicinity of km 45 (altitude 2,100 m) and saw several spectaculars: Andean Cock-of-the-Rock (a fantastic sanguinolenta %), Golden-headed Quetzal and Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan.

13 km after Chiriboga is a fine patch of subtropical (1,900 m) forest, holding species like Hoary Puffleg, Strong-billed Woodcreeper, Toucan Barbet, Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan, Long-tailed Antbird and Plushcap. 

Around km 70 is another good patch of forest at 1,900-2,000 m. Birdlife is rather similar to the above with species such as Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan, Toucan Barbet, Barred Forest-Falcon, Tawny-bellied Hermit and Nariño Tapaculo.

The upper tropical part of the road is best worked from Tinalandia, since it is really a must to have the morning in this zone. Around km 90 is a stretch with small patches of forest left at an altitude of 1,100-1,300 m. At the high end of this stretch a rough gravel road goes steeply up the hill on the north side of the road. This track was very worthwhile: Scaled Fruiteater, Andean Emerald, Band-rumped Swift, Yellow-collared Chlorophonia, White-winged and Silver-throated Tanagers and Black-chinned Mountain-Tanager. Walking the 2-3 km up to this track along the road was also quite rewarding (Ruddy Foliage-gleaner, Esmeraldas Antbird, Broad-billed Motmot, heard a lek of Cock-of-the-Rock...).
  
Tinalandia (humid upper tropical, 700-850 m, Pichincha, 0018S 7903-04)

Tinalandia is a hotel lying by the new main road to Santo Domingo some 16 km after the junction with the old (Chiriboga) road. The hotel is quite nice, even though the meals served are nothing special. The owners have preserved the forest on their property, but unfortunately very little forest remains in the general area, and a great deal of the species on the "official" Tinalandia list are long gone.

In the trees and bushes around the hotel buildings, Barred Puffbird, Streaked Antwren and tanagers may be seen.

Behind the hotel is a little used golf course with isolated large trees, brushes and small ponds. The golf course area is good for toucans, parrots and Rufous-tailed Jacamar, as well as Band-backed Wren, and Grey-and-gold Tanager. The handsome Masked Water-Tyrant is found on the ponds.

Up the hill side beyond the golf course is a stand of rather undisturbed forest with several trails going through. This is the main birding area, where many interesting species are found: Grey-headed Kite, White-tipped Sicklebill, Orange-fronted Barbet Blue-tailed Trogon and Orange-crowned Euphonia, just to mention a few. Immaculate and Chestnut-backed Antbirds are easily observed.

Rio Palenque (humid tropical, 200 m, Los Rios, 0033S 7922)

This small isolated island of lowland forest is owned by a research station operated by the University of Miami and others. Due to its isolation among endless banana plantations, several (especially large) species have vanished, but it is still an excellent birding area that can be visited on a one-day trip from Tinalandia. The reserve is lying on the east side of the main road going south from Santo Domingo shortly after the village of Patricia Pilar, some 45 km from Santo Domingo. The entrance fee is 3 dollars per person. You will get a map of the trails inside at the gate.

Among the many species found here are: Rufous-headed Chachalaca, Grey Hawk, Guayaquil Woodpecker, Orange-fronted Barbet, several toucans, puffbirds, motmots and trogons, Violet-bellied Hummingbird, Dot-winged Antwren and Scarlet-thighed Dacnis - all species seen by us.

 LIST OF BIRDS RECORDED IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.

GALAPAGOS PENGUIN (Spheniscus mendiculus).
28 Isabela, 4 Fernandina, 22 Bartolomé, 8 Floreana.

WAVED ALBATROSS (Diomedea irrorata).
12 Isabela, 4 James, 8 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 450 Hood, 1 Floreana, 1 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

HAWAIIAN PETREL (Pterodroma phaeopygia).    
7 Isabela, 3 Fernandina, 18 James, 21 Santa Fé, 30 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 16 Floreana - Santa Cruz.
Note: Mainly seen in open sea.

AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER (Puffinus lherminieri).     
1000 Baltra, 100 Tower, 40 Isabela, 200 Fernandina, 2017 James, 1 Santa Fé, 1 San Cristóbal, 35 Hood, 105 Floreana, 2 Floreana - Santa Cruz. 

WHITE-VENTED STORM-PETREL (Oceanites gracilis).    
3 Baltra, 1 Fernandina, 87 James, 20 Bartolomé, 1 Santa Fé, 4 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 6 Hood, 8 Floreana, 10 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

WEDGE-RUMPED STORM-PETREL (Oceanodroma tethys).  
1 Baltra, 10,000 Tower, 6 Isabela, 1 James, 3 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 3 Hood, 3 Floreana.

BAND-RUMPED STORM-PETREL (Oceanodroma castro).    
1 Tower, 5 Isabela, 5 James.

MARKHAM'S or BLACK STORM-PETREL (Oceanodroma markhami/melania). 
1 Floreana - Santa Cruz (UA & EM).

RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD (Phaethon aethereus).      
11 Baltra, 30 Tower, 1 Isabela, 50 Hood, 61 Floreana, 2 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

BROWN PELICAN (Pelecanus occidentalis).          
65 Baltra, 34 Isabela, 25 Fernandina, 71 James, 2 San Cristóbal, 1 Hood, 14 Floreana, 10 Santa Cruz.

BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY (Sula nebouxii).                
700 Baltra, 5 Tower, 125 Isabela, 100 Fernandina, 1140 James, 3 Santa Fé, 5 San Cristóbal, 840 Hood, 133 Floreana, 35 Floreana - Santa Cruz, 30 Santa Cruz.

MASKED BOOBY (Sula dactylatra).                  
6 Baltra, 475 Tower, 200 Isabela, 40 James, 2 Santa Fé, 4 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 415 Hood, 6 Floreana, 10 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

RED-FOOTED BOOBY (Sula sula).                    
255 (3 of which belonged to the white fase) Tower.
 
FLIGHTLESS CORMORANT (Nannopterum harrisi).       
3 Isabela (Punta Tortuga), 5 Fernandina (Punta Espinosa).

MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD (Fregata magnificens).   
300 Baltra, 2&& Tower, 50 Isabela, 2&& Fernandina, 106 James, 9 Santa Fé, 40 San Cristóbal, 90 Hood, 191 Floreana, 1 Floreana - Santa Cruz, 20 Santa Cruz.
 
GREAT FRIGATEBIRD (Fregata minor).               
650 Tower, 2&& Fernandina.

FRIGATEBIRD SP. (Frigata magnificens/minor).
85 Isabela, 200 Fernandina.
GREAT BLUE HERON (Ardea herodias).
1 Isabela, 1 Fernandina, 1 James, 1 Santa Cruz.

GREAT EGRET (Egretta alba).
1 Santa Cruz (Puerto Ayora).

CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis). 
1 Hood, 1 Champion, 18 Floreana, 193 Santa Cruz.

LAVA HERON (Butorides sundevalli).              
1 Tower, 1 Isabela, 2 Fernandina, 7 James, 1 Santa Fé, 1 Hood, 1 Floreana, 2 Santa Cruz.
Note: Often considered conspecific with Striated Heron (B. striatus).

YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Nyctanassa violacea).    
12 Tower, 1 James, 2 Hood, 5 Floreana, 4 Santa Cruz. 

GREATER FLAMINGO (Phoenicopterus ruber).         
60 (4 juv) Floreana, 1 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL (Anas bahamensis).         
24 Isabela, 19 Floreana, 18 Santa Cruz.

GALAPAGOS HAWK (Buteo galapagoensis).            
2 Isabela, 2 Fernandina, 6 James, 6 Santa Fé, 3 Hood.

GALAPAGOS RAIL (Laterallus spilonotus).          
5 Media Luna (Santa Cruz), 1 Santa Rosa Tortoise Reserve (Santa Cruz).

PAINT-BILLED CRAKE (Neocrex erythrops).          
1 San Cristóbal, 1 Santa Cruz (Puerto Ayora - Santa Rosa), 1 heard Santa Rosa Tortoise Reserve (Santa Cruz).

COMMON MOORHEN (Gallinula chloropus).
3 San Cristóbal.

AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER (Haematopus palliatus).   
2 Mosquera, 2 Fernandina, 4 James, 4 Bartolomé, 1 Hood.

GREY PLOVER (Pluvialis squatarola).             
2 James.

SEMIPALMATED PLOVER (Charadrius semipalmatus).
5 Mosquera, 4 Tower, 1 Fernandina, 5 James, 7 Floreana.

RUDDY TURNSTONE (Arenaria interpres).
15 Mosquera, 4 Tower, 1 Fernandina, 9 James, 6 Floreana.

WANDERING TATTLER (Heteroscelus incanus).
5 Mosquera, 3 Tower, 1 Fernandina, 9 James, 1 Santa Fé, 2 Hood, 4 Floreana, 4 Santa Cruz.

WILLET (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus).
1 Mosquera.

SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER (Calidris pusilla).
2 Floreana (Punta Cormorant).

LEAST SANDPIPER (Calidris minutilla).
4 Floreana (Punta Cormorant).

SANDERLING (Calidris alba).
10 Mosquera.

WHIMBREL (Numenius phaeopus).
1 Mosquera, 1 Tower, 5 Fernandina, 1 James, 11 Santa Fé, 4 San Cristóbal, 16 Floreana, 9 Santa Cruz.

COMMON STILT (Himantopus himantopus).      
2 San Cristóbal, 6 Floreana, 2 Santa Cruz.

WILSON'S PHALAROPE (Phalaropus tricolor).
2 Floreana (Punta Cormorant).

RED-NECKED PHALAROPE (Lobipes lobatus).
8 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 6 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

LAVA GULL (Larus fuliginosus).                   
2 Baltra, 2 Mosquera, 7 Tower, 5 James, 18 Santa Cruz.

SWALLOW-TAILED GULL (Creagrus furcatus).         
40 Baltra, 260 Tower, 4 James, 401 Hood, 225 Champion, 25 Floreana, 4 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

BROWN NODDY (Anous stolidus).                    
55 Baltra, 12 Isabela, 480 James, 3 Hood, 90 Floreana, 1 Floreana - Santa Cruz, 41 Santa Cruz.

GALAPAGOS DOVE (Nesopelia galapagoensis).        
70 Tower, 2 Isabela, 3 James, 4 Bartolomé, 65 Santa Fé, 2 San Cristóbal, 165 Hood, 5 Floreana, 5 Santa Cruz.

FERAL PIGEON (Columba livia).	INTRODUCED.
2 San Cristóbal. 

DARK-BILLED CUCKOO (Coccyzus melacoryphus).      
1 Isabela, 1 James, 17 Floreana, 10 Santa Cruz.

SMOOTH-BILLED ANI (Crotophaga ani).              
4 James, 1 San Cristóbal, 86 Santa Cruz.

BARN OWL (Tyto alba).                            
1 Santa Cruz near Puerto Ayora.

SHORT-EARED OWL (Asio flammeus).                 
2 the highlands of Floreana, 1 Santa Rosa Tortoise Reserve (Santa Cruz).

VERMILION FLYCATCHER (Pyrocephalus rubinus).     
1 Isabela, 10 Floreana, 17 Santa Cruz.

LARGE-BILLED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus magnirostris).   
5 Isabela, 1 Santa Fé, 1 San Cristóbal, 1 Hood, 21 Floreana, 17 Santa Cruz.

GALAPAGOS MARTIN (Progne modesta).               
1 Isabela (Punta Tortuga).

PURPLE MARTIN (Progne subis).                    
1 Baltra.

CHARLES MOCKINGBIRD (Nesomimus trifasciatus).    
5 Champion.

HOOD MOCKINGBIRD (Nesomimus macdonaldi).         
110 Hood.

CHATHAM MOCKINGBIRD (Nesomimus melanotis).    
10 San Cristóbal.

GALAPAGOS MOCKINGBIRD (Nesomimus parvulus).      
35 Tower, 20 Isabela, 6 Fernandina, 3 James, 30 Santa Fé, 13 Santa Cruz.

YELLOW WARBLER (Dendroica petechia).
1 Baltra, 10 Mosquera, 1 Tower, 17 Isabela, 2 Fernandina, 5 James, 5 Bartolomé, 4 Santa Fé,  10 San Cristóbal, 6 Hood, 85 Floreana, 85 Santa Cruz.

LARGE GROUND FINCH (Geospiza magnirostris).      
9 Tower, 2 Isabela.

MEDIUM GROUND FINCH (Geospiza fortis).           
2 Baltra, 26 Isabela, 10 Santa Fé, 5 San Cristóbal, 49 Floreana, 16 Santa Cruz.

SMALL GROUND FINCH (Geospiza fuliginosa).        
10 Baltra, 1675 Isabela, 2 Fernandina, 15 James, 2 Bartolomé, 60 Santa Fé, 25 San Cristóbal, 65 Hood, 1 Champion, 422 Floreana, 400 Santa Cruz.

SHARP-BEAKED GROUND FINCH (Geospiza difficilis). 
30 Tower.
Note: J. and M. Vagvolgyi (Auk 106:144-148) suggests that the Tower Island population traditionally considered Sharp-beaked Ground Finch is in fact a long-beaked population of Small Ground Finch (G. fuliginosa).

CACTUS FINCH (Geospiza scandens).                
9 Santa Fé, 3 Santa Cruz.

LARGE CACTUS-FINCH (Geospiza conirostris).       
3 Tower, 18 Hood.

VEGETARIAN FINCH (Camarhynchus crassirostris).   
6 Santa Cruz.

LARGE TREE FINCH (Camarhynchus psittacula).      
1 the highlands of Floreana.

MEDIUM TREE FINCH (Camarhynchus pauper).         
10 the highlands of Floreana.

SMALL TREE FINCH (Camarhynchus parvulus).        
10 Isabela, 10 Santa Fé, 20 San Cristóbal, 45 Floreana, 92 Santa Cruz.

WOODPECKER FINCH (Camarhynchus pallidus).        
11 Santa Cruz.

WARBLER FINCH (Certhidea olivacea).              
6 Tower, 2 Santa Fé, 15 San Cristóbal, 4 Hood, 33 Santa Cruz.

MAMMALS, REPTILES AND FISHES RECORDED IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.

RICE RAT (Oryzomys bauri).
1 Santa Fé.

BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN (Tursiops truncatus). 
13 Isabela, 11 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 15 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

WHALE SP.
2 James Bay (SL).

CALIFORNIAN SEA LION (Zolophus californianus).
500 Mosquera, 7 Tower, 2 Isabela, 75 Fernandina, 161 James, 150 Santa Fé, 2 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal, 20 San Cristóbal, 360 Hood, 150 Floreana, 1 Floreana - Santa Cruz.

GALAPAGOS FUR SEAL (Arctocephalus galapagoensis).
12 James Bay.

MARINE IGUANA (Ambhyrhynchus cristatus).
1 Baltra, 150 Mosquera, 13 Tower, 2 Isabela, 500 Fernandina, 30 James, 300 Hood, 35 Santa Cruz.

LAND IGUANA (Conolophus pallidus).
3 Santa Fé.

LAVA LIZARD SP.
Common.

GALAPAGOS ELEPHANT TORTOISE (Geochelone elephantopus).
7 Santa Rosa Tortoise Reserve (Santa Cruz).

GREEN MARINE TURTLE (Chelonia mydas).
1 Isabela, 2 Fernandina, 2 James, 1 Bartolomé, 2 Santa Fé, 6 Floreana.

SNAKE SP. (Alsophis sp.).
1 Santa Fé.

WHITE-TIPPED REEF SHARK (Triaenodon obesus).
25 Bartolomé.

ROUND STING-RAY SP. (Urotrygon sp.).
35 Floreana.

FLYING FISH SP.
23 Santa Fé - San Cristóbal. 

OTHER FISHES
Participants who went snorkeling reported a variety of colourful coral reef fishes.

LIST OF THE BIRDS RECORDED IN MAINLAND ECUADOR.

The taxonomy used in this list is mainly based on Niels Krabbe's "Bird taxa of Ecuador" (Unpublished).

* = Species only recorded duing the extension weeks.

*GREAT TINAMOU (Tinamus major).                   
2 heard La Selva Lodge. 

TAWNY-BREASTED TINAMOU (Nothocercus julius).     
1 heard Acanamá.

*CINEREOUS TINAMOU (Crypturellus cinereus).       
2 heard La Selva Lodge.

*LITTLE TINAMOU (Crypturellus soui).              
3 heard La Selva Lodge, 2 heard Coca, 1 heard Loreto Road, 1 heard Tinalandia, 3 heard Rio Palenque.

*UNDULATED TINAMOU (Crypturellus undulatus).      
6 heard La Selva Lodge, 2 heard Coca.

*BARTLETT'S TINAMOU (Crypturellus bartletti).
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

PALE-BROWED TINAMOU (Crypturellus transfasciatus).    
5 heard Engunga Hills.

*VARIEGATED TINAMOU (Crypturellus variegatus).    
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

LEAST GREBE (Tachybaptus dominicus).             
8 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 11 Punta Carnero, 45 Zapotal - Guayaquil.
  
PIED-BILLED GREBE (Podilymbus podiceps).                
3 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area.

BROWN PELICAN (Pelecanus occidentalis).          
20 San Pablo Beach, 15 San Pablo Salinas, 35 La Libertad, 10 Laguna Escuasal.

BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY (Sula nebouxii).                
1 San Pablo Beach.

NEOTROPIC CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax olivaceus).    
Common along the coast where we counted 224 birds, highest numbers recorded were 85 San Pablo Salinas and 100 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa. 2 Piñas - Loja, 1 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.

MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD (Fregata magnificens).   
1 Guayaquil, 30 Cerro Alto, 20 San Pablo Beach, 5 San Pablo Beach - La Libertad, 5 La Libertad.

GREAT BLUE HERON (Ardea herodias).               
1 La Selva Lodge.
Note: Probably a new species for La Selva Lodge.

*COCOI HERON (Ardea cocoi).        
3 La Selva Lodge, 1 Rio Palenque.

GREAT EGRET (Egretta alba).                 
Common along the coast where we counted 248 birds, highest numbers recorded were 50 Laguna Escuasal and 175 Guayaquil - Naranja. Inland just 1 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 3 La Selva Lodge, 1 Rio Palenque.

SNOWY EGRET (Egretta thula).                     
Common along the coast where we counted 423 birds, highest numbers recorded were 75 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 100 Guayaquil Mangrove, 175 Guayaquil - Naranja. Inland just 3 La Selva Lodge.

*LITTLE BLUE HERON (Egretta caerulea).            
1 Coca.
STRIATED HERON (Butorides striatus).              
1 San Pablo Salinas, 1 Guayaquil - Naranja, 1 Zamora, 1 La Selva Lodge.

*AGAMI HERON (Agamia agami).   
1 La Selva Lodge.

CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis).                    
20 Guayaquil, 9 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 10 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 605 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 400 Tinalandia.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Nycticorax nycticorax).    
1 imm San Pablo Salinas, 1 imm Punta Carnero, 3 Guayaquil - Naranja.

*RUFESCENT TIGER-HERON (Tigrisoma lineatum).      
3-4 La Selva Lodge.

*ZIGZAG HERON (Zebrilus undulatus).                
2-3 La Selva Lodge.

*BOAT-BILLED HERON (Cochlearius cochlearius).     
1 La Selva Lodge (UA & EM).

ANDEAN TEAL (Anas andium).          
19 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 40 Cotopaxi N.P.
Note: This species is now usually regarded as a full species, split from Speckled Teal (Anas flavirostris).   

WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL (Anas bahamensis).         
20 San Pablo Salinas, 700 Laguna Escuasal.

YELLOW-BILLED PINTAIL (Anas georgica).           
5 Cotopaxi N.P.

TORRENT DUCK (Merganetta armata).                
1 Macas Road, 2 Baeza, 1% Chiriboga Road 16/9, 2 19/9.

ANDEAN CONDOR (Vultur gryphus).                  
1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area (NK & EM).

KING VULTURE (Sarcoramphus papa).                
1 ad + 2 imm Cerro Blanco.

BLACK VULTURE (Coragyps atratus).                
Common, apart from the higher parts of the Andes, 1171 birds were counted. Highest numbers recorded were 110 Cerro Alto, 150 Punta Carnero, 135 La Libertad - Zapotal, 225 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 120 Coca. 

TURKEY VULTURE (Cathartes aura).                 
111 birds recorded along the coast, highest number recorded was 75 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills. In addition 1 Piñas forest, 8 Piñas - Loja, 5 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 12 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 2 returning, 3 Loreto Road, 3 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque, 1 Chiriboga Road.

*GREATER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE (Cathartes melambrotus).    
5 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 4-5 La Selva Lodge, 3 Coca.

PEARL KITE (Gampsonyx swainsonii).             
1 San Pablo - La Libertad, 1 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 1 Santa Rosa - Piñas. 

*GREY-HEADED KITE (Leptodon cayanensis).          
2 Tinalandia.

*DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE (Harpagus bidentatus).       
2 La Selva Lodge.

PLUMBEOUS KITE (Ictinia plumbea).                
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 2 returning, 2 La Selva Lodge, 5 Coca.
 
*PLAIN-BREASTED HAWK (Accipiter ventralis).    
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos (EM, UA & PEM).
Note: Formerly regarded as a subspecies of Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus).

BLACK-CHESTED BUZZARD EAGLE (Geranoaetus melanoleucus).    
2 Oña - Cumbe, 3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road.

RED-BACKED HAWK (Buteo polyosoma).           
2 Cerro Alto, 1 Punta Carnero, 6 Piñas - Loja, 2 Acanamá - Cumbe. 

PUNA HAWK (Buteo poecilochrous).      
2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Cotopaxi N.P., 3 Papallacta Pass.

ROADSIDE HAWK (Buteo magnirostris).              
1 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 1 La Selva Lodge, 3 Coca, 1 Tena, 3 Loreto Road, 3 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 3 19/9, 2 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

SHORT-TAILED HAWK (Buteo brachyurus).            
1 Cerro Blanco, 1 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 1 La Selva Lodge. 

WHITE-THROATED HAWK (Buteo albigula).     
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Alder forest.       

GREY HAWK (Asturina nitida).                     
1 Cerro Blanco, 1 Rio Palenque.

BAY-WINGED HAWK (Parabuteo unicinctus).          
1 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 4 Cerro Blanco, 6 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 1 Tumbaco.

*BLACK-FACED HAWK (Leucopternis melanops). 
2 La Selva Lodge.
       
*SLATE-COLOURED HAWK (Leucopternis schistacea).    
2 La Selva Lodge.
Note: 2 forms occur in the area, a short-tailed and a long-tailed type. Their calls are very different, and it is possible that they are distinct species. We saw and heard one of each type.
 
SAVANNA HAWK (Buteogallus meridionalis).                   
1 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 3 La Libertad - Guayaquil, 2 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa.      

*OSPREY (Pandion haliaetus).
1-2 La Selva Lodge.

LAUGHING FALCON (Herpetotheres cachinnans).      
1 El Vado, 2 La Selva Lodge.

COLLARED FOREST-FALCON (Micrastur semitorquatus).    
2 heard Cerro Blanco, 1 heard Loreto Road.

*SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON (Micrastur mirandollei).    
2 heard La Selva Lodge.

*BARRED FOREST-FALCON (Micrastur ruficollis).     
1 La Selva Lodge, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 19/9 (different sites).

*BLACK CARACARA (Daptrius ater).                  
1 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 4 La Selva Lodge.

*RED-THROATED CARACARA (Daptrius americanus).     
3 Coca (NK, MH & UA).

*YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA (Milvago chimachima).     
2 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 2 La Selva Lodge.

CARUNCULATED CARACARA (Phalcoboenus carunculatus).    
3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 3 Cotopaxi N.P., 2 Papallacta Pass, 2 Papallacta Pass - Quito.

MOUNTAIN CARACARA (Phalcoboenus megalopterus).   
2 ad. Acanamá.
Note: Intermediate between Mountain and Carunculated, like the former, but with slight streaked effect on lower breast.

CRESTED CARACARA (Polyborus plancus).            
1 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 3 Cerro Alto, 3 San Pablo - Guayaquil, 1 Cerro Blanco, 1 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 1 Piñas forest.
 
BAT FALCON (Falco rufigularis).                  
1 Naranja - Santa Rosa (NK & EM), 1 La Selva Lodge, 1 Tinalandia.

*PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus).
1 Tumbaco.

APLOMADO FALCON (Falco femoralis).
1 Saraguru - Oña.               

AMERICAN KESTREL (Falco sparverius).             
2 Loja - Cumbe, 1 Macas Road, 1 Quito - Cotopaxi N.P., 1 Cotopaxi N.P., 1 Quito - Papallacta Pass, 1 Quito, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 19/9 (different sites).

*SPECKLED CHACHALACA (Ortalis guttata).           
3 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 8 La Selva Lodge.

RUFOUS-HEADED CHACHALACA (Ortalis erythroptera). 
3 El Vado, 10 Rio Palenque.

*SPIX'S GUAN (Penelope jacquacu).                 
4 La Selva Lodge.

*ANDEAN GUAN (Penelope montagnii).                
6 Yanacocha.

BEARDED GUAN (Penelope barbata).                 
6 seen + a flock heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).
Note: This species may well be a subspecies of Andean Guan (Penelope montagnii).

*BLUE-THROATED PIPING-GUAN (Pipile pipile).    
8 La Selva Lodge.

SICKLE-WINGED GUAN (Chamaepetes goudotii).       
1 Alder forest (EM).

*MARBLED WOOD-QUAIL (Odontophorus gujanensis).    
2 heard La Selva Lodge.

RUFOUS-FRONTED WOOD-QUAIL (Odontophorus erythrops).    
1 heard Piñas forest, 1 heard Rio Palenque.

*RUFOUS-FRONTED -/ DARK-BACKED WOOD-QUAIL (Odontophorus erythrops/melanonotus).
1 heard Tinalandia.
 
*BLACKISH RAIL (Rallus nigricans).                
1 Tena.

*CHESTNUT-HEADED CRAKE (Anurolimnas castaneiceps).    
2 heard La Selva Lodge.

*GREY-BREASTED CRAKE (Laterallus exilis).         
1 heard Coca, 1 heard Tena.

*RUFOUS-SIDED CRAKE (Laterallus melanophaius).   
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

COMMON MOORHEN (Gallinula chloropus).                     
3 Zapotal - Guayaquil.

*AZURE GALLINULE (Porphyrula flavirostris).       
3 La Selva Lodge.

ANDEAN COOT (Fulica ardesiaca).                     
9 Cotopaxi N.P.
Note: Both rufous-fronted and white-fronted birds were seen, see the note in The Birds of High Andes. 

WATTLED JACANA (Jacana jacana).                  
3 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 250 Guayaquil - Naranja, 1 La Selva Lodge, 25 Coca.

AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER (Haematopus palliatus).   
1 Laguna Escuasal.

*SOUTHERN LAPWING (Vanellus chilensis).           
2 Coca.

ANDEAN LAPWING (Vanellus resplendens).           
1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 17 Cotopaxi N.P.

*PIED LAPWING (Hoploxypterus cayanus).            
3 Coca - La Selva Lodge.

GREY PLOVER (Pluvialis squatarola).             
6 San Pablo Salinas, 1 Punta Carnero, 6 Laguna Escuasal.

SEMIPALMATED PLOVER (Charadrius semipalmatus).
10 San Pablo Salinas, 50 Laguna Escuasal.

KENTISH PLOVER (Charadrius alexandrinus).        
60 San Pablo Salinas, 50 Laguna Escuasal.
Note: The New World subspecies is sometimes regarded as a full species and called Snowy Plover (C. occidentalis).

*COLLARED PLOVER (Charadrius collaris).
2 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 2 La Selva Lodge.
Note: May well have been overlooked in the salinas, where the species is common.

KILLDEER (Charadrius vociferus).                 
2 Punta Carnero.
WILSON'S PLOVER (Charadrius wilsonia).
1 San Pablo Beach, 2 San Pablo Salinas.

RUDDY TURNSTONE (Arenaria interpres).
2 San Pablo Beach, 8 San Pablo Salinas, 6 La Libertad.

SOLITARY SANDPIPER (Tringa solitaria).
2 Cotopaxi N.P.

LESSER YELLOWLEGS (Tringa flavipes).
2 Punta Carnero, 5 Laguna Escuasal, 22 Cotopaxi N.P.

GREATER YELLOWLEGS (Tringa melanoleuca).
2 Punta Carnero, 2 Cotopaxi N.P., 1 La Selva Lodge.
 
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (Actitis macularia).
1 San Pablo Salinas, 1 La Libertad, 2 Punta Carnero, 5 Guayaquil Mangrove, 1 Cotopaxi N.P., 1 Alder forest, 4 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 3 returning, 3 La Selva Lodge, 6 Coca, 1 Tena, 2 Baeza.

WILLET (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus).
1 San Pablo Beach, 4 San Pablo Salinas, 1 Punta Carnero, 3 Laguna Escuasal. 

RED KNOT (Calidris canutus).
1 ad San Pablo Salinas, 1 ad Laguna Escuasal.

SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER (Calidris pusilla).
1 San Pablo Salinas, 1200 Laguna Escuasal.

WESTERN SANDPIPER (Calidris mauri).
10 San Pablo Salinas, 800 Laguna Escuasal.

LEAST SANDPIPER (Calidris minutilla).
35 San Pablo Salinas, 50 Punta Carnero, 150 Laguna Escuasal.

BAIRD'S SANDPIPER (Calidris bairdii).
50 Cotopaxi N.P.

PECTORAL SANDPIPER (Calidris melanotos).
1 Punta Carnero, 9 Cotopaxi N.P., 4 Coca.

SANDERLING (Calidris alba).
20 San Pablo Beach, 10 San Pablo Salinas, 10 Punta Carnero, 10 Laguna Escuasal.

STILT SANDPIPER (Micropalama himantopus).
4 San Pablo Salinas, 20 Laguna Escuasal, 2 Cotopaxi N.P.

UPLAND SANDPIPER (Bartramia longicauda).
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.) (PEM), 2 Cotopaxi N.P.

WHIMBREL (Numenius phaeopus).
1 Cerro Alto, 3 San Pablo Salinas, 6 La Libertad, 9 Punta Carnero, 5 Laguna Escuasal.

SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER (Limnodromus griseus).
35 San Pablo Salinas, 400 Laguna Escuasal.

NOBLE SNIPE (Gallinago nobilis).
3 Cotopaxi N.P.                 

ANDEAN SNIPE (Gallinago jamesoni).               
3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 3 Cotopaxi N.P., 1 heard Yanayacu.

COMMON STILT (Himantopus himantopus).      
30 Cerro Alto, 30 San Pablo Salinas, 11 Punta Carnero, 85 Laguna Escuasal.
Note: The New World subspecies is often given species rank: Black-necked Stilt (H. mexicanus).

WILSON'S PHALAROPE (Phalaropus tricolor).
250 San Pablo Salinas, 150 Laguna Escuasal, 1 Cotopaxi N.P.

RUFOUS-BELLIED SEEDSNIPE (Attagis gayi).      
8 Cotopaxi N.P.   

GREY GULL (Larus modestus).
80 San Pablo Beach, 2 La Libertad, 5 Laguna Escuasal.

GREY-HOODED GULL (Larus cirrocephalus).          
25 Cerro Alto, 15 San Pablo Beach, 30 San Pablo Salinas, 10 La Libertad.

ANDEAN GULL (Larus serranus).                    
2 Cotopaxi N.P.

GULL-BILLED TERN (Gelochelidon nilotica).
10 San Pablo Salinas, 1 Laguna Escuasal.

*YELLOW-BILLED TERN (Sterna superciliaris).       
5 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 3 returning, 8 La Selva Lodge.

ROYAL TERN (Sterna maxima).
35 San Pablo Beach, 40 San Pablo Salinas.

ELEGANT TERN (Sterna elegans).
5 San Pablo Beach, 14 San Pablo Salinas.

BAND-TAILED PIGEON (Columba fasciata).           
18 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 50 Oña - Cumbe, 65 Macas Road, 2 Papallacta Pass, 1 Loreto Road, 200 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 10 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 30 19/9.

PALE-VENTED PIGEON (Columba cayennensis).        
3 Cerro Blanco, 25 Guayaquil Mangrove, 20 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 7 La Selva Lodge.

*RUDDY PIGEON (Columba subvinacea).               
6 heard La Selva Lodge, 2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 heard Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*PLUMBEOUS PIGEON (Columba plumbea).              
6 heard La Selva Lodge.

*DUSKY PIGEON (Columba goodsoni).                 
1 heard Rio Palenque.

ROCK (FERAL) PIGEON (Columba livia).	INTRODUCED.
10 Quito, 1 Quito - Papallacta Pass.

EARED DOVE (Zenaida auriculata).                 
20 Engunga Hills, 1 Oña - Cumbe, 170 Quito, 4 Quito - Cotopaxi N.P., 10 Lasso Marsh, 80 Quito - Papallacta Pass, 6 Tumbaco, 2 Nino Road.

PACIFIC DOVE (Zenaida meloda).  
1 Punta Carnero (EM).
Note: This species is now usually regarded as a full species, split from White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica).

COMMON GROUND-DOVE (Columbina passerina).        
1 Quito - Papallacta Pass (UA), 5 Tumbaco.

ECUADORIAN GROUND-DOVE (Columbina buckleyi).     
7 Cerro Blanco, 2 heard Rio Palenque.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species, split from Ruddy Ground-Dove (Columbina talpacoti). The new species is also called Buckley's Ground-Dove.     

CROAKING GROUND-DOVE (Columbina cruziana).       
5 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 10 Cerro Alto, 1 San Pablo Salinas, 2 San Pablo - Libertad, 5 La Libertad, 30 Punta Carnero, 2 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 5 Guayaquil Mangrove.

*BLUE GROUND-DOVE (Claravis pretiosa).            
3 Coca, 1 Rio Palenque.

BLACK-WINGED GROUND-DOVE (Metriopelia melanoptera).    
6 Cotopaxi N.P.

WHITE-TIPPED DOVE (Leptotila verreauxi).         
1 Engunga Hills, 1 Cerro Blanco, 1 Oña - Cumbe (UA).

PALLID DOVE (Leptotila pallida).                 
1 Cerro Blanco (UA & EM), 10 Tinalandia, 4 Rio Palenque.

*GREY-FRONTED DOVE (Leptotila rufaxilla).         
5 La Selva Lodge, 1 Tena.

*SAPPHIRE QUAIL-DOVE (Geotrygon saphirina).       
1-2 La Selva Lodge.

*RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE (Geotrygon montana).            
1 La Selva Lodge.

WHITE-THROATED QUAIL-DOVE (Geotrygon frenata).    
1 Alder forest (EM).

*BLUE-AND-YELLOW MACAW (Ara ararauna).            
11 La Selva Lodge.

*SCARLET MACAW (Ara macao).                       
2 heard La Selva Lodge 10/9, 3 11/9 (MH).

*CHESTNUT-FRONTED MACAW (Ara severa).             
25 La Selva Lodge, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.
Note: The latter were observed at approx. 1700 m, probably an altitudinal record for the species. This clearly demonstrates that Military Macaw (A. militaris) isn't the only "green" Macaw of the subtropical East Andes.

*RED-BELLIED MACAW (Ara manilata).                
34 La Selva Lodge.

RED-MASKED PARAKEET (Aratinga erythrogenys).     
3 Piñas forest.

WHITE-EYED PARAKEET (Aratinga leucophthalmus).   
11 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 160 La Selva Lodge.

*DUSKY-HEADED PARAKEET (Aratinga weddellii).      
200 La Selva Lodge.

GOLDEN-PLUMED PARAKEET (Leptosittaca branickii). 
25 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

*MAROON-TAILED PARAKEET (Pyrrhura melanura).      
4 La Selva Lodge, 30 La Selva Lodge - Coca, 25 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

EL ORO PARAKEET (Pyrrhura orcesi).               
10 Piñas forest.

WHITE-BREASTED PARAKEET (Pyrrhura albipectus).   
6 Zamora - Loja.

BARRED PARAKEET (Bolborhynchus lineola).         
30 Macas Road.

PACIFIC PARROTLET (Forpus coelestis).
1 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 14 Cerro Alto, 4 Guayaquil Mangrove, 27 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 10 Rio Palenque.

*BLUE-WINGED PARROTLET (Forpus xanthopterygius).
4 Tena.

GREY-CHEEKED PARAKEET (Brotogeris pyrrhopterus). 
15 Cerro Blanco, 3 Cerro Blanco - Guayaquil, 30 El Vado.

*COBALT-WINGED PARAKEET (Brotogeris cyanoptera).  
10 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 200 La Selva Lodge, 20 Coca, 20 Tena.

*BLACK-HEADED PARROT (Pionites melanocephala).    
11 La Selva Lodge.

*ORANGE-CHEEKED PARROT (Pionopsitta barrabandi).  
5 La Selva Lodge.

*BLUE-HEADED PARROT (Pionus menstruus).           
47 La Selva Lodge, 6 Rio Palenque.

RED-BILLED PARROT (Pionus sordidus).             
10 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

WHITE-CAPPED PARROT (Pionus seniloides).         
3 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 8 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Yanacocha.

BRONZE-WINGED PARROT (Pionus chalcopterus).      
2 Piñas forest, 12 Tinalandia, 10 Rio Palenque, 8 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*YELLOW-CROWNED AMAZON (Amazona ochrocephala).    
6 La Selva Lodge.

*ORANGE-WINGED AMAZON (Amazona amazonica).        
17 La Selva Lodge.

SCALY-NAPED AMAZON (Amazona mercenaria).         
10 Alder forest, 2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*MEALY AMAZON (Amazona farinosa).                
4 La Selva Lodge, 2 Rio Palenque.

DARK-BILLED CUCKOO (Coccyzus melacoryphus).
1 Tena.
SQUIRREL CUCKOO (Piaya cayana).                  
2 Cerro Blanco, 1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 La Selva Lodge, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 2 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*LITTLE CUCKOO (Piaya minuta).                    
1 La Selva Lodge.

*GREATER ANI (Crotophaga major).                  
8 La Selva Lodge.

SMOOTH-BILLED ANI (Crotophaga ani).              
5 Piñas forest, 2 Piñas - Loja, 3 La Selva Lodge, 10 Coca, 10 Tena.

GROOVE-BILLED ANI (Crotophaga sulcirostris).     
8 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 1 Cerro Alto, 35 La Libertad - Guayaquil, 4 Cerro Blanco, 5 Tinalandia.

GROOVE-BILLED -/SMOOTH-BILLED ANI (Crotophaga sulcirostris).
103 unidentified anis were recorded along the coast.

STRIPED CUCKOO (Tapera naevia).                  
1 heard Piñas forest, 1 heard Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*HOATZIN (Opisthocomus hoazin).                   
14 La Selva Lodge.

*TROPICAL SCREECH-OWL (Otus choliba).   
1 heard Coca, 2 heard Tena.

*VERMICULATED SCREECH-OWL (Otus guatemalae).
1 heard Loreto Road.

*RUFESCENT SCREECH-OWL (Otus ingens).             
1 heard Loreto Road.

*TAWNY-BELLIED SCREECH-OWL (Otus watsonii).       
3-4 heard La Selva Lodge, 1 heard Coca.

*WHITE-THROATED SCREECH-OWL (Otus albogularis).   
2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*CRESTED OWL (Lophostrix cristata).               
1 La Selva Lodge.

*SPECTACLED OWL (Pulsatrix perspicillata).        
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

ANDEAN PYGMY-OWL (Glaucidium jardinii).          
1 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.) (NK & EM).

*FERRUGINOUS PYGMY-OWL (Glaucidium brasilianum).  
2 La Selva Lodge, 1 heard Coca.

PERUVIAN PYGMY-OWL (Glaucidium peruanum).
1 Cerro Alto, 1 heard Cerro Blanco, 1 heard Los Rosales de Machay.
Note: A split from Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (G. brasilianum), now considered a full species.
    
BURROWING OWL (Speotyto cunicularia).            
8 Cerro Alto.

*BLACK-BANDED OWL (Ciccaba huhula).           
2 La Selva Lodge.
    
*RUFOUS-BANDED OWL (Ciccaba albitarsus).          
1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*GREAT POTOO (Nyctibius grandis).                 
1-2 heard and 1 seen very well La Selva Lodge.

*LONG-TAILED POTOO (Nyctibius aethereus).         
1 heard La Selva Lodge (NK, JM & UA).

*COMMON POTOO (Nyctibius griseus).                
2 heard and 1 seen La Selva Lodge, 1 heard Coca.

*RUFOUS-BELLIED NIGHTHAWK (Lurocalis rufiventris).    
1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*SHORT-TAILED NIGHTHAWK (Lurocalis semitorquatus).    
1 La Selva Lodge.

LESSER NIGHTHAWK (Chordeiles acutipennis).       
2 Cerro Alto, 2 Laguna Escuasal, 1 Tinalandia.

PAURAQUE (Nyctidromus albicollis).               
2 Cerro Blanco, 1 Piñas forest, 12 La Selva Lodge, 3 heard Coca, 1 Loreto Road.

SCRUB NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus anthonyi).  
4 Engunga Hills, 4 Cerro Alto.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species, split from Little Nightjar (Caprimulgus parvulus).
         
BAND-WINGED NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus longirostris). 
2 Zamora - Loja, 5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*LADDER-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Hydropsalis climacocerca).    
4 La Selva Lodge.

*LYRE-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Uropsalis lyra).  
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos (NPD).

WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT (Streptoprocne zonaris).    
1 Papallacta Pass - Alder forest, 35 Alder forest, 180 Tena, 40 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 20 Tinalandia, 30 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

CHESTNUT-COLLARED SWIFT (Cypseloides rutilus).   
350 Piñas - Loja, 30 Zamora - Loja, 20 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Alder forest, 6 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*GREY-RUMPED SWIFT (Chaetura cinereiventris).     
5 La Selva Lodge, 5 Coca, 30 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

BAND-RUMPED SWIFT (Chaetura spinicauda).         
2 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills (SKR), 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

SHORT-TAILED SWIFT (Chaetura brachyura).         
3 Cerro Blanco, 17 La Selva Lodge, 10 Coca, 10 Tena.

*CHIMNEY SWIFT (Chaetura pelagica).
10 Tinalandia.

*LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED SWIFT (Panyptila cayennensis).    
3 La Selva Lodge (MH), 8 Rio Palenque.

*FORK-TAILED PALM-SWIFT (Reinarda squamata).      
1 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 10 La Selva Lodge, 20 Coca.

*BLUE-FRONTED LANCEBILL (Doryfera johannae).      
1 La Selva Lodge (UA).
Note: Probably a new species for La Selva Lodge.

*RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT (Glaucis hirsuta).        
1 La Selva Lodge.

*PALE-TAILED BARBTHROAT (Threnetes leucurus).     
1 La Selva Lodge (SL).

*BAND-TAILED BARBTHROAT (Threnetes ruckeri).      
2 Tinalandia.

WHITE-WHISKERED HERMIT (Phaethornis yaruqui).    
1 Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia, 4 Rio Palenque, 4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*TAWNY-BELLIED HERMIT (Phaethornis syrmatophorus).    
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

LONG-TAILED HERMIT (Phaethornis superciliosus).  
2 Cerro Blanco, 9 La Selva Lodge, 2 Rio Palenque.

*STRAIGHT-BILLED HERMIT (Phaethornis bourcieri).  
2 La Selva Lodge.

*LITTLE HERMIT (Phaethornis longuemareus).        
1 Tena, 1 Tinalandia, 6 Rio Palenque.

*WHITE-TIPPED SICKLEBILL (Eutoxeres aquila).      
1 Tinalandia.

*NAPO SABREWING (Campylopterus villaviscensio).   
1% Loreto Road.

*WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN (Florisuga mellivora).      
1 La Selva Lodge (EM), 1% Rio Palenque.

SPARKLING VIOLETEAR (Colibri coruscans).         
1 Quito - Papallacta Pass, 21 Quito, 10 Tumbaco.

*BLUE-TAILED EMERALD (Chlorostilbon mellisugus).  
4 Tumbaco, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*CROWNED WOODNYMPH (Thalurania colombica).        
1 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque, 3 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

EMERALD-BELLIED WOODNYMPH (Thalurania hypochlora).    
3 Piñas forest.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species, split from Crowned Woodnymph (Thalurania colombica).

*FORK-TAILED WOODNYMPH (Thalurania furcata).      
2 La Selva Lodge, 1% Loreto Road.

*VIOLET-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD (Damophila julie).    
1 Rio Palenque.

*GOLDEN-TAILED SAPPHIRE (Chrysuronia oenone).     
1% Tena.

*MANY-SPOTTED HUMMINGBIRD (Taphrospilus hypostictus).    
1& nesting La Selva Lodge.
Note: Probably a new species for La Selva Lodge.

*GLITTERING-THROATED EMERALD (Amazilia fimbriata).    
1 Tena.

*ANDEAN EMERALD (Amazilia franciae).              
4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

AMAZILIA HUMMINGBIRD (Amazilia amazilia).        
2 Engunga Hills, 6 Cerro Blanco, 1 Guayaquil Mangrove.

RUFOUS-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD (Amazilia tzacatl).    
1 Piñas forest, 4 Tinalandia, 5 Rio Palenque, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*SPECKLED HUMMINGBIRD (Adelomyia melanogenys).    
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 Loreto Road, 3 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

ECUADORIAN PIEDTAIL (Phlogophilus hemileucurus). 
5 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

*VIOLET-FRONTED BRILLIANT (Heliodoxa leadbeateri).    
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos (NPD & MH).

*GREEN-CROWNED BRILLIANT (Heliodoxa jacula).      
1 Chiriboga Road 19/9 (NK).

CHIMBORAZO HILLSTAR (Oreotrochilus chimborazo).  
7 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 5 Cotopaxi N.P., 1 Papallacta Pass.
Note: This species is sometimes regarded as a subspecies of Andean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella).

*WHITE-TAILED HILLSTAR (Urochroa bougueri).       
3 Loreto Road.

GIANT HUMMINGBIRD (Patagona gigas).              
3 Quito (Parque Carolina), 2 Tumbaco.

SHINING SUNBEAM (Aglaeactis cupripennis).        
5 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Papallacta Pass, 2 Yanacocha, 2 Yanayacu.

MOUNTAIN VELVETBREAST (Lafresnaya lafresnayi).   
4 Loja - Acanamá, 1 Acanamá, 3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest.

GREAT SAPPHIREWING (Pterophanes cyanopterus).    
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Macas Road, 1 Papallacta Pass, 1 Yanayacu.

*BRONZY INCA (Coeligena coeligena).               
4 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*BROWN INCA (Coeligena wilsoni).                  
1 Chiriboga Road 16/9 (UA).
COLLARED INCA (Coeligena torquata).              
6 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Macas Road, 4 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 4 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 19/9.
 
BUFF-WINGED STARFRONTLET (Coeligena lutetiae).   
14 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 8 Acanamá, 2 Macas Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 2 Yanacocha.

RAINBOW STARFRONTLET (Coeligena iris).           
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Loja - Acanamá.

SWORD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD (Ensifera ensifera).    
1% Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9 (NK & EM).
 
AMETHYST-THROATED SUNANGEL (Heliangelus amethysticollis).    
2%% Macas Road.

GORGETED SUNANGEL (Heliangelus strophianus).     
1% Piñas forest.

TOURMALINE SUNANGEL (Heliangelus exortis).       
4 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Macas Road.

PURPLE-THROATED SUNANGEL (Heliangelus viola).    
1% Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

GLOWING PUFFLEG (Eriocnemis vestitus).          
6 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Acanamá, 3 Macas Road.

SAPPHIRE-VENTED PUFFLEG (Eriocnemis luciani).    
1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road, 1 Yanacocha.

*HOARY PUFFLEG (Haplophaedia lugens).             
1 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*BOOTED RACKET-TAIL (Ocreatus underwoodii).       
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BLACK-TAILED TRAINBEARER (Lesbia victoriae).     
1 Oña - Cumbe, 5 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 6 Quito (Parque Corolina), 1 Tumbaco.

GREEN-TAILED TRAINBEARER (Lesbia nuna).          
1 Piñas - Loja (NK), 1% Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area (UA).

PURPLE-BACKED THORNBILL (Ramphomicron microrhynchum).    
1% Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

VIOLET-THROATED METALTAIL (Metallura baroni).    
1% Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area

VIRIDIAN METALTAIL (Metallura williami).        
4%% Macas Road.
Note: The Central and South Ecuadorian race is likely to be split from Viridian Metaltail and given the name Black-throated Metaltail (M. atrigularis).

TYRIAN METALTAIL (Metallura tyrianthina).        
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Acanamá, 1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 Yanacocha, 1 Yanayacu.

BLUE-MANTLED THORNBILL (Chalcostigma stanleyi).  
5 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Papallacta Pass.
RAINBOW-BEARDED THORNBILL (Chalcostigma herrani).    
2%% Macas Road, 1% Yanayacu.

LONG-TAILED SYLPH (Aglaiocercus kingi).          
1% Macas Road, 1% Alder forest, 1& Cordillera de Guacamayos.

VIOLET-TAILED SYLPH (Aglaiocercus coelestis).    
7 Piñas forest.

PURPLE-CROWNED FAIRY (Heliothryx barroti).       
2 Piñas forest, 5 Rio Palenque, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*BLACK-EARED FAIRY (Heliothryx aurita).           
1 Loreto Road (EM).

SHORT-TAILED WOODSTAR (Myrmia micrura).          
1 Cerro Alto.

*WHITE-BELLIED WOODSTAR (Acestrura mulsanti).     
2 Tumbaco.

*CRESTED QUETZAL (Pharomachrus antisianus).       
1-2 && Loreto Road, 1% Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*GOLDEN-HEADED QUETZAL (Pharomachrus auriceps).   
1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 3 Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 1 heard 19/9 (different sites).

*BLACK-TAILED TROGON (Trogon melanurus).          
3 heard La Selva Lodge, 1 Rio Palenque.

*BLUE-TAILED TROGON (Trogon comptus).             
1 Tinalandia.

*WHITE-TAILED TROGON (Trogon viridis).             
4 La Selva Lodge, 1 Loreto Road, 2 Rio Palenque.

COLLARED TROGON (Trogon collaris).               
1 Piñas forest, 2 La Selva Lodge, 2 Tinalandia, 4 Rio Palenque, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

MASKED TROGON (Trogon personatus).               
1 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Alder forest, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 19/9.

*BLACK-THROATED TROGON (Trogon rufus).            
2 La Selva Lodge.

*BLUE-CROWNED TROGON (Trogon curucui).            
2 La Selva Lodge.

*VIOLACEOUS TROGON (Trogon violaceus).            
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

RINGED KINGFISHER (Ceryle torquata).             
1 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 9 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 2 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 1 Piñas -Loja, 2 La Selva Lodge, 3 La Selva Lodge - Coca.

*AMAZON KINGFISHER (Chloroceryle amazona).        
1 La Selva Lodge, 2 La Selva Lodge - Coca, 1 Tena.

GREEN KINGFISHER (Chloroceryle americana).       
1 San Pablo Salinas, 1 La Libertad, 1 El Vado, 1 Tena.

BROAD-BILLED MOTMOT (Electron platyrhynchum).    
2 Piñas forest, 2 La Selva Lodge, 1 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque, 3 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*RUFOUS MOTMOT (Baryphthengus ruficapillus).      
1 heard La Selva Lodge, 1 Tinalandia, 5 Rio Palenque.

BLUE-CROWNED MOTMOT (Momotus momota).            
2 Piñas - Loja, 4 La Selva Lodge.

*WHITE-EARED JACAMAR (Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis). 
2 La Selva Lodge, 3 Coca.

*BROWN JACAMAR (Brachygalba lugubris).            
2 Coca.

*YELLOW-BILLED JACAMAR (Galbula albirostris).     
2 La Selva Lodge.

COPPERY-CHESTED JACAMAR (Galbula pastazae).      
5 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

*RUFOUS-TAILED JACAMAR (Galbula ruficauda).       
4 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

*PURPLISH JACAMAR (Galbula chalcothorax).    
2 La Selva Lodge.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species and split from Bronzy Jacamar (Galbula leucogastra).

*WHITE-NECKED PUFFBIRD (Notharchus macrorhynchos).    
2 La Selva Lodge, 1 Rio Palenque.

*BARRED PUFFBIRD (Nystalus radiatus).             
1 Rio Palenque (NPD).

*WHITE-WHISKERED PUFFBIRD (Malacoptila panamensis).    
2 Rio Palenque.

*BLACK-FRONTED NUNBIRD (Monasa nigrifrons).       
13 La Selva Lodge.

*WHITE-FRONTED NUNBIRD (Monasa morphoeus).        
5 La Selva Lodge.

*YELLOW-BILLED NUNBIRD (Monasa flavirostris).     
1 La Selva Lodge, 1 Coca.

*SWALLOW-WING (Chelidoptera tenebrosa).           
22 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 20 returning, 8 La Selva Lodge, 9 Coca.

*SCARLET-CROWNED BARBET (Capito aurovirens).      
6 La Selva Lodge, 2 heard Coca.

*ORANGE-FRONTED BARBET (Capito squamatus).        
2 Tinalandia, 6 Rio Palenque.

*BLACK-SPOTTED BARBET (Capito niger).             
17 La Selva Lodge, 4 Loreto Road.

*LEMON-THROATED BARBET (Eubucco richardsoni).     
3 La Selva Lodge.

RED-HEADED BARBET (Eubucco bourcierii).          
1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 7 Loreto Road, 3 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque, 3 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*TOUCAN BARBET (Semnornis ramphastinus).          
3 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 2 19/9 (different sites).

EMERALD TOUCANET (Aulacorhynchus prasinus).      
1 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

CRIMSON-RUMPED TOUCANET (Aulacorhynchus haematopygus).    
3 Piñas forest, 3 Piñas - Loja, 4 Tinalandia, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

PALE-MANDIBLED ARACARI (Pteroglossus erythropygius).    
2 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 10 Tinalandia, 4 Rio Palenque.
Note: Now considered a full species, split from Collared Aracari (P. torquatus).
 
*MANY-BANDED ARACARI (Pteroglossus pluricinctus). 
12 La Selva Lodge, 3 Loreto Road.

*LETTERED ARACARI (Pteroglossus inscriptus).    
5 La Selva Lodge, 3 La Selva Lodge - Coca.
Note: May be a subspecies of Green Aracari (Pteroglossus viridis) from Venezuela, Guyanas and Brazil.

*IVORY-BILLED ARACARI (Pteroglossus flavirostris).    
5 La Selva Lodge.

*GOLDEN-COLLARED TOUCANET (Selenidera reinwardtii).    
3 La Selva Lodge, 2 Loreto Road.

*PLATE-BILLED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN (Andigena laminirostris).    
7 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 heard 19/9.

GREY-BREASTED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN (Andigena hypoglauca).    
2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Macas Road.

*BLACK-BILLED MOUNTAIN-TOUCAN (Andigena nigrirostris).    
2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*YELLOW-RIDGED TOUCAN (Ramphastos culminatus).    
2 heard La Selva Lodge, 2 heard Loreto Road.

CHESTNUT-MANDIBLED TOUCAN (Ramphastos swainsonii).    
1 heard Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia, 1 heard Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*CHOCO TOUCAN (Ramphastos brevis).                
2 Tinalandia, 1 heard Rio Palenque.

*CUVIER'S TOUCAN (Ramphastos cuvieri).            
9 La Selva Lodge, 1 La Selva Lodge - Coca.

OLIVACEOUS PICULET (Picumnus olivaceus).         
1 Cerro Blanco, 1 Rio Palenque.

ECUADORIAN PICULET (Picumnus sclateri).          
3 Cerro Blanco, 1 Piñas - Loja, 1 Rio Palenque.
LAFRESNAYE'S PICULET (Picumnus lafresnayi).      
1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.) (NK), 1 Zamora.
Note: Now considered a full species, split from Gold-fronted Piculet (P. aurifrons).

CRIMSON-MANTLED WOODPECKER (Piculus rivolii).    
1 Piñas - Loja, 2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Acanamá, 1 Macas Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 19/9 (different sites).

GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER (Piculus rubiginosus).   
2 Piñas forest, 4 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

*GOLDEN-GREEN WOODPECKER (Piculus chrysochloros). 
1 heard La Selva Lodge,

*CREAM-COLOURED WOODPECKER (Celeus flavus).       
1 heard La Selva Lodge, 

LINEATED WOODPECKER (Dryocopus lineatus).        
1 Piñas forest, 1 Coca, 1 Tena, 5 Loreto Road, 5 Tinalandia, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*YELLOW-TUFTED WOODPECKER (Melanerpes cruentatus).    
7 La Selva Lodge, 4 Coca, 6 Loreto Road.

BLACK-CHEEKED WOODPECKER (Melanerpes pucherani). 
2 El Vado, 5 Tinalandia, 7 Rio Palenque.

SMOKY-BROWN WOODPECKER (Veniliornis fumigatus).  
2 Piñas forest, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.
 
*LITTLE WOODPECKER (Veniliornis passerinus).      
1 Loreto Road.

*RED-STAINED WOODPECKER (Veniliornis affinis).    
4 La Selva Lodge.

RED-RUMPED WOODPECKER (Veniliornis kirkii).      
1 Cerro Blanco, 1 Piñas forest, 4 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.

SCARLET-BACKED WOODPECKER (Veniliornis callonotus).    
2 Cerro Alto, 4 Cerro Blanco.

YELLOW-VENTED WOODPECKER (Veniliornis dignus).   
1 Zamora - Loja, 3 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BAR-BELLIED WOODPECKER (Veniliornis nigriceps).  
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Alder forest (EM).

*CRIMSON-CRESTED WOODPECKER (Campephilus melanoleucos).    
8 La Selva Lodge, 1 Coca.

GUAYAQUIL WOODPECKER (Campephilus gayaquilensis).    
3 Cerro Blanco, 2 Rio Palenque.

*RED-NECKED WOODPECKER (Campephilus rubricollis).    
2 La Selva Lodge.

CRIMSON-BELLIED WOODPECKER (Campephilus haematogaster).    
1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

*TYRANNINE WOODCREEPER (Dendrocincla tyrannina).  
1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*PLAIN-BROWN WOODCREEPER (Dendrocincla fuliginosa).    
3 La Selva Lodge, 4 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.

OLIVACEOUS WOODCREEPER (Sittasomus griseicapillus).    
4 Cerro Blanco, 2 Piñas forest, 2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

WEDGE-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Glyphorhynchus spirurus).    
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 La Selva Lodge, 3 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*LONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Nasica longirostris).   
5 La Selva Lodge.

*CINNAMON-THROATED WOODCREEPER (Dendrexetastes rufigula).    
2 La Selva Lodge.

*STRONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus).    
1 heard Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*BLACK-BANDED WOODCREEPER (Dendrocolaptes picumnus).    
1 La Selva Lodge.

*STRIPED WOODCREEPER (Xiphorhynchus obsoletus).   
3 La Selva Lodge.

*BUFF-THROATED WOODCREEPER (Xiphorhynchus guttatus).    
12 La Selva Lodge.

SPOTTED WOODCREEPER (Xiphorhynchus erythropygius).    
5 Piñas forest, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 5 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*OLIVE-BACKED WOODCREEPER (Xiphorhynchus triangularis).    
1 Loreto Road (EM & UA).

STREAK-HEADED WOODCREEPER (Lepidocolaptes souleyettii).    
1 Engunga Hills, 10 Cerro Blanco, 2 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

SPOT-CROWNED WOODCREEPER (Lepidocolaptes affinis).    
1 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

RED-BILLED SCYTHEBILL (Campylorhamphus trochilirostris).    
8 Cerro Blanco, 4 Rio Palenque.

BROWN-BILLED SCYTHEBILL (Campylorhamphus pusillus).    
2 Piñas forest.

STOUT-BILLED CINCLODES (Cinclodes excelsior).    
3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 3 Cotopaxi N.P.

BAR-WINGED CINCLODES (Cinclodes fuscus).         
14 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road, 15 Cotopaxi N.P., 5 Papallacta Pass. 

CINNAMON HORNERO (Furnarius cinnamomeus).        
2 Cerro Alto, 1 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 6 Cerro Blanco, 10 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 1 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 4 Piñas - Loja, 5 Tinalandia.
Note: This species is now usually regarded as a full species, split from Pale-legged Hornero (Furnarius leucopus).

*LESSER HORNERO (Furnarius minor).                 
2 La Selva Lodge.

ANDEAN TIT-SPINETAIL (Leptasthenura andicola).   
8 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area

AZARA'S SPINETAIL (Synallaxis azarae).    
10 Piñas forest, 2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Loja - Acanamá, 4 Acanamá, 3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road, 4 heard Chiriboga Road.
Note: Northern birds formerly regarded as a distinct species Elegant Spinetail (Synallaxis elegantior).

*DUSKY SPINETAIL (Synallaxis moesta).             
1 heard Tena.

SLATY SPINETAIL (Synallaxis brachyura).          
1 Piñas forest, 8 Tinalandia, 5 Rio Palenque, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*DARK-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Synallaxis albigularis).    
3 La Selva Lodge, 2 heard Tena, 5 heard Loreto Road.

*WHITE-BELLIED SPINETAIL (Synallaxis propinqua).  
5 La Selva Lodge.

BLACKISH-HEADED SPINETAIL (Synallaxis tithys).    
4 Cerro Blanco.

RUFOUS SPINETAIL (Synallaxis unirufa).           
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 4 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

NECKLACED SPINETAIL (Synallaxis stictothorax).   
4 heard Engunga Hills, 4 Cerro Alto.

WHITE-BROWED SPINETAIL (Hellmayrea gularis).     
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Acanamá.

ASH-BROWED SPINETAIL (Cranioleuca curtata).      
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Loreto Road.

*RED-FACED SPINETAIL (Cranioleuca erythrops).     
1 Tinalandia, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*RUSTY-BACKED SPINETAIL (Cranioleuca vulpina).    
2 La Selva Lodge.

*SPECKLED SPINETAIL (Cranioleuca gutturata).       
1 La Selva Lodge.

WHITE-CHINNED THISTLETAIL (Schizoeaca fuliginosa).    
3 Papallacta Pass, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

MOUSE-COLOURED THISTLETAIL (Schizoeaca griseomurina).    
1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Macas Road (UA).

STREAK-BACKED CANASTERO (Asthenes wyatti).       
15 Cotopaxi N.P.

MANY-STRIPED CANASTERO (Asthenes flammulata).    
5 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area
PEARLED TREERUNNER (Margarornis squamiger).      
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Acanamá, 1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 10 Macas Road, 2 Alder forest.

*SPOTTED BARBTAIL (Premnoplex brunnescens).       
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BUFFY TUFTEDCHEEK (Pseudocolaptes lawrencii).    
1-2 Piñas forest.
Note: The Ecuadorian race (johnsoni) is likely to get full species status and be named Pacific Tuftedcheek.
 
STREAKED TUFTEDCHEEK (Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii).    
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Macas Road, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 19/9.

*POINT-TAILED PALMCREEPER (Berlepschia rikeri).   
1-2 La Selva Lodge.

*STRIPED WOODHAUNTER (Hyloctistes subulatus).    
2 La Selva Lodge, 1 Tinalandia.
 
*CHESTNUT-WINGED HOOKBILL (Ancistrops strigilatus).    
3 La Selva Lodge.

*LINEATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Syndactyla subalaris). 
1 heard Chiriboga Road 19/9.

MONTANE FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Anabacerthia striaticollis).    
1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.) (PEM), 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

SPECTACLED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Anabacerthia variegaticeps).    
4 Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia.

SLATY-WINGED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Philydor fuscipennis).    
1 Piñas forest (MH, NPD & SKR), 4 Rio Palenque.

*BUFF-FRONTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Philydor rufus).   
4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*RUFOUS-TAILED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Philydor ruficaudatus).    
4 La Selva Lodge.

*OLIVE-BACKED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Automolus infuscatus).    
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

*RUDDY FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Automolus rubiginosus).   
2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*BUFF-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Automolus ochrolaemus).    
2 Rio Palenque.

*CHESTNUT-CROWNED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Automolus rufipileatus).    
1 heard Tena.

HENNA-HOODED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Hylocryptus erythrocephalus).    
4 Cerro Blanco.

*BLACK-BILLED TREEHUNTER (Thripadectes melanorhynchus).    
2 Loreto Road.

STREAKED XENOPS (Xenops rutilans).               
1 Piñas forest, 1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

PLAIN XENOPS (Xenops minutus).                   
2 Piñas forest, 2 La Selva Lodge, 2 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*BLACK-TAILED LEAFTOSSER (Sclerurus caudacutus).  
4 heard La Selva Lodge.

*FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE (Cymbilaimus lineatus).      
1% La Selva Lodge.

*GREAT ANTSHRIKE (Taraba major).                  
1 heard La Selva Lodge, 3 Rio Palenque.

COLLARED ANTSHRIKE (Sakesphorus bernardi).       
4 heard Engunga Hills, 4 heard Cerro Alto, 10 Cerro Blanco, 1 Guayaquil Mangrove.

*BARRED ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus doliatus).        
4 La Selva Lodge,

CHAPMAN'S ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus zarumae).    
2 Piñas - Loja.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species, split from Barred Antshrike (Thamnophilus doliatus).

*LINED ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus palliatus).        
2 Tena, 1 heard Loreto Road.

*COCHA ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus praecox).          
2%% La Selva Lodge.

*CASTELNAU'S ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus cryptoleucus).    
4 La Selva Lodge.

UNIFORM ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus unicolor).       
4 Piñas forest.

*BLACK-CAPPED ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus schistaceus).  
8 La Selva Lodge.
Note: Also called Plain-winged Antshrike.

*WESTERN SLATY ANTSHRIKE (Thamnophilus atrinucha).    
2 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.
Note: Now considered a full species, a split from Slaty Antshrike (T. punctatus).

*SPOT-WINGED ANTSHRIKE (Pygiptila stellaris).     
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

RUSSET ANTSHRIKE (Thamnistes anabatinus).        
2 Piñas forest, 2 Tinalandia.

PLAIN ANTVIREO (Dysithamnus mentalis).           
3 Cerro Blanco, 2 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.

*SPOT-CROWNED ANTVIREO (Dysithamnus puncticeps).  
2 Tinalandia.

*CINEREOUS ANTSHRIKE (Thamnomanes caesius).       
6 La Selva Lodge.

*PYGMY ANTWREN (Myrmotherula brachyura).          
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

*SHORT-BILLED ANTWREN (Myrmotherula obscura).     
2 heard La Selva Lodge.

*STREAKED ANTWREN (Myrmotherula surinamensis).    
7 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

*STRIPE-CHESTED ANTWREN (Myrmotherula longicauda).    
4 Tena.

*PLAIN-THROATED ANTWREN (Myrmotherula hauxwelli). 
1 La Selva Lodge.

*CHECKER-THROATED ANTWREN (Myrmotherula fulviventris).    
2 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

*ORNATE ANTWREN (Myrmotherula ornata).            
2 Tena.

*WHITE-FLANKED ANTWREN (Myrmotherula axillaris).  
6 La Selva Lodge.

*GREY ANTWREN (Myrmotherula menetriesii).         
2 La Selva Lodge.

YELLOW-BREASTED ANTWREN (Herpsilochmus axillaris).    
1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

*DOT-WINGED ANTWREN (Microrhopias quixensis).     
6 Rio Palenque.

*LONG-TAILED ANTBIRD (Drymophila caudata).        
1 heard Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 19/9 (different sites). 

*GREY ANTBIRD (Cercomacra cinerascens).           
3 La Selva Lodge.

*DUSKY ANTBIRD (Cercomacra tyrannina).            
3 Rio Palenque.

BLACKISH ANTBIRD (Cercomacra nigrescens).        
2 heard Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Loreto Road.

*BLACK ANTBIRD (Cercomacra serva).                
1 La Selva Lodge, 1 heard Tena, 1 heard Loreto Road.

WHITE-BACKED FIRE-EYE (Pyriglena leuconota).
1 heard Cerro Blanco, 3 Loreto Road.
     
*WHITE-BROWED ANTBIRD (Myrmoborus leucophrys).    
1 Tena.

*BLACK-FACED ANTBIRD (Myrmoborus myotherinus).    
6 La Selva Lodge.

*WARBLING ANTBIRD (Hypocnemis cantator).          
3 La Selva Lodge, 2 heard Tena.
*YELLOW-BROWED ANTBIRD (Hypocnemis hypoxantha).   
1 La Selva Lodge.

*BLACK-AND-WHITE ANTBIRD (Myrmochanes hemileucus).    
2 La Selva Lodge.

*SPOT-WINGED ANTBIRD (Percnostola leucostigma).   
3 heard La Selva Lodge.

*SILVERED ANTBIRD (Sclateria naevia).             
3 La Selva Lodge.

ESMERALDAS ANTBIRD (Myrmeciza nigricauda).       
2 Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia (NPD), 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*CHESTNUT-BACKED ANTBIRD (Myrmeciza exsul).       
6 Tinalandia, 5 Rio Palenque.

*PLUMBEOUS ANTBIRD (Myrmeciza hyperythra).        
5 La Selva Lodge.

*WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTBIRD (Myrmeciza melanoceps). 
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

*SOOTY ANTBIRD (Myrmeciza fortis).                
3 La Selva Lodge.

IMMACULATE ANTBIRD (Myrmeciza immaculata).       
2 Piñas forest, 5 Tinalandia, 1 Chiriboga Road.

*WHITE-PLUMED ANTBIRD (Pithys albifrons).         
1 heard La Selva Lodge (NK & EM).

*SPOT-BACKED ANTBIRD (Hylophylax naevia).         
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

*DOT-BACKED ANTBIRD (Hylophylax punctulata).      
1% La Selva Lodge.

*STRIATED ANTTHRUSH (Chamaeza nobilis).           
5 La Selva Lodge.

*BARRED ANTTHRUSH (Chamaeza mollissima).          
1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*RUFOUS-CAPPED ANTTHRUSH (Formicarius colma).     
3 La Selva Lodge.

*BLACK-FACED ANTTHRUSH (Formicarius analis).      
7 La Selva Lodge.

*BLACK-HEADED ANTTHRUSH (Formicarius nigricapillus).    
2 heard Tinalandia, 6 Rio Palenque.

RUFOUS-BREASTED ANTTHRUSH (Formicarius rufipectus).    
3 heard Piñas forest.

*UNDULATED ANTPITTA (Grallaria squamigera).       
1 Yanayacu
*MOUSTACHED ANTPITTA (Grallaria alleni).
2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.
Note: See locality description. 

*SCALED ANTPITTA (Grallaria guatimalensis).       
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

*PLAIN-BACKED ANTPITTA (Grallaria haplonota).     
1 heard Loreto Road.

CHESTNUT-CROWNED ANTPITTA (Grallaria ruficapilla).    
1 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Macas Road, 1 heard Alder forest, 3 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 heard Chiriboga Road 16/9.

CHESTNUT-NAPED ANTPITTA (Grallaria nuchalis).    
6 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Macas Road, 2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 heard Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 19/9.

*WHITE-BELLIED ANTPITTA (Grallaria hypoleuca).    
3 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

RUFOUS ANTPITTA (Grallaria rufula).              
10 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Acanamá, 1 heard Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 heard Macas Road, 1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 heard Yanacocha, 1 Yanayacu.

TAWNY ANTPITTA (Grallaria quitensis).            
5 heard Acanamá, 5 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 heard Macas Road, 1 Cotopaxi N.P., 2 heard Papallacta Pass, 2 Chiriboga Road, 3 heard Yanacocha, 2 Yanayacu.

*WHITE-LORED ANTPITTA (Hylopezus fulviventris).
2 heard La Selva Lodge.

*THRUSH-LIKE ANTPITTA (Myrmothera campanisona).   
2 heard La Selva Lodge.

*SLATE-CROWNED ANTPITTA (Grallaricula nana).      
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

CRESCENT-FACED ANTPITTA (Grallaricula lineifrons).    
2 Acanamá.

*RUSTY-BELTED TAPACULO (Liosceles thoracicus).    
5 La Selva Lodge.

ELEGANT CRESCENTCHEST (Melanopareia elegans).    
1 Engunga Hills.

ASH-COLOURED TAPACULO (Myornis senilis).         
4 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 heard Acanamá.

UNICOLOURED TAPACULO (Scytalopus unicolor).      
1 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 4 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road, 2 heard Yanacocha.

*RUFOUS-VENTED TAPACULO (Scytalopus femoralis).   
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

NORTHERN WHITE-CROWNED TAPACULO (Scytalopus atratus).    
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).
Note: Soon to be formally split from Rufous-vented Tapaculo (S. femoralis).

CHUSQUEA TAPACULO (Scytalpus sp. nov.).        
6 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Loja - Acanamá, 1 heard Acanamá, 5 heard Macas Road.
Note: A new species soon to be described by Niels Krabbe and T.S. Schulenberg.

*NARINO TAPACULO (Scytalopus vicinior).           
4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

ECUADORIAN TAPACULO (Scytalopus sp. nov.).       
1 Piñas forest.
Note: A new species soon to be described by Niels Krabbe and T.S. Shulenberg.

*BROWN-RUMPED TAPACULO (Scytalopus latebricola).  
3 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 7 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 heard 19/9.

ANDEAN TAPACULO (Scytalopus magellanicus).       
2 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Macas Road.

OCELLATED TAPACULO (Acropternis orthonyx).       
4 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Acanamá, 1 heard Macas Road, 1 heard Yanayacu.

*PLUM-THROATED COTINGA (Cotinga maynana).         
1% Loreto Road.

*SPANGLED COTINGA (Cotinga cayana).              
2 La Selva Lodge.

RED-CRESTED COTINGA (Ampelion rubrocristatus).   
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

GREEN-AND-BLACK FRUITEATER (Pipreola riefferii). 
1 Macas Road (NK), 4 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*FIERY-THROATED FRUITEATER (Pipreola chlorolepidota).    
2%% Loreto Road.

BARRED FRUITEATER (Pipreola arcuata).            
3 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

*SCALED FRUITEATER (Ampelioides tschudii).        
1% Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*WHITE-BROWED PURPLETUFT (Iodopleura isabellae).  
1 La Selva Lodge.

*DUSKY PIHA (Lipaugus fuscocinereus).             
2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*SCREAMING PIHA (Lipaugus vociferans).            
4-6 La Selva Lodge.

*GREY-TAILED PIHA (Lipaugus subalaris).           
2 Loreto Road.

*YELLOW-CHEEKED BECARD (Pachyramphus xanthogenys).    
1 Loreto Road.
Note: Formerly regarded as a subspecies of Green-backed Becard (Pachyramphus viridis).

*BARRED BECARD (Pachyramphus versicolor).         
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.
 
*CINNAMON BECARD (Pachyramphus cinnamomeus).      
2 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*WHITE-WINGED BECARD (Pachyramphus polychopterus).    
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

*BLACK-CAPPED BECARD (Pachyramphus marginatus).   
1 La Selva Lodge.

BLACK-AND-WHITE BECARD (Pachyramphus albogriseus).    
3 Piñas forest, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9 (MH).

ONE-COLOURED BECARD (Pachyramphus homochrous).   
5 Cerro Blanco, 1 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.

*PINK-THROATED BECARD (Pachyramphus minor).       
3 La Selva Lodge.

*BLACK-TAILED TITYRA (Tityra cayana).             
6 La Selva Lodge, 2 Coca.

*MASKED TITYRA (Tityra semifasciata).             
2 Loreto Road, 2 Rio Palenque.

*BLACK-CROWNED TITYRA (Tityra inquisitor).        
2 Coca, 1 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

*PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW (Querula purpurata).   
7 La Selva Lodge, 2 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*AMAZONIAN UMBRELLABIRD (Cephalopterus ornatus).  
4 La Selva Lodge.

*BARE-NECKED FRUITCROW (Gymnoderus foetidus).     
1 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 3 returning, 8 La Selva Lodge.

*ANDEAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK (Rupicola peruviana).    
4 seen and a lek heard Loreto Road, 1% Chiriboga Road 16/9 and a lek heard 19/9 (different sites).
 
*GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN (Pipra erythrocephala).    
1% La Selva Lodge.

*WHITE-CROWNED MANAKIN (Pipra pipra).             
1% La Selva Lodge.

BLUE-RUMPED MANAKIN (Pipra isidorei).            
1& Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

*BLUE-CROWNED MANAKIN (Pipra coronata).           
3 La Selva Lodge.

*WIRE-TAILED MANAKIN (Pipra filicauda).           
2 La Selva Lodge.

*BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN (Chiroxiphia pareola).       
4 La Selva Lodge.

GOLDEN-WINGED MANAKIN (Masius chrysopterus).     
2%% Piñas forest, 1& Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1% Loreto Road. 

*WHITE-BEARDED MANAKIN (Manacus manacus).         
4 Rio Palenque.

*ORANGE-CRESTED MANAKIN (Heterocercus aurantiivertex).    
1 La Selva Lodge.

*WING-BARRED PIPRITES (Piprites chloris).         
1 heard La Selva Lodge.
Note: Formerly called Wing-barred Manakin.

*RUFOUS SCHIFFORNIS (Schiffornis major).             
1 La Selva Lodge.
Note: Formerly called Greater Manakin.

BLACK-BILLED SHRIKE-TYRANT (Agriornis montana).  
2 Oña - Cumbe, 3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Cotopaxi N.P.

PLAIN-CAPPED GROUND-TYRANT (Muscisaxicola alpina).    
2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 30 Cotopaxi N.P.

SHORT-TAILED FIELD-TYRANT (Muscigralla brevicauda).    
2 Cerro Alto, 4 Punta Carnero.

STREAK-THROATED BUSH-TYRANT (Myiotheretes striaticollis).    
1 Quito - Papallacta Pass (EM).

SMOKY BUSH-TYRANT (Myiotheretes fumigatus).      
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Alder forest, 2 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 Yanacocha, 2 Yanayacu.
 
RED-RUMPED BUSH-TYRANT (Cnemarchus erythropygius).   
2 Papallacta Pass.

BROWN-BACKED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca fumicolor). 
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Acanamá, 3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Macas Road, 3 Papallacta Pass. 1 Yanacocha.

RUFOUS-BREASTED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca rufipectoralis).   
8 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest. 

SLATY-BACKED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris).   
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Macas Road, 2 Chiriboga Road.

*CROWNED CHAT-TYRANT (Ochthoeca frontalis).      
1 Yanacocha.

BLACK PHOEBE (Sayornis nigricans).              
2 El Vado, 2 Piñas forest, 2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Oña - Cumbe, 2 Macas Road,  4 Loreto Road, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*LONG-TAILED TYRANT (Colonia colonus).           
1 La Selva Lodge.

*RUFOUS-TAILED TYRANT (Knipolegus poecilurus).    
1 Loreto Road (UA, JM & EM).

MASKED WATER-TYRANT (Fluvicola nengeta).         
4 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 1 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 6 Tinalandia.

VERMILION FLYCATCHER (Pyrocephalus rubinus).     
6 Engunga Hills, 20 Cerro Alto, 2 Punta Carnero, 2 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 1 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 6 Quito - Papallacta Pass, 5 Quito, 8 Tumbaco.

*DRAB WATER-TYRANT (Ochthornis littoralis).       
2 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 1 returning, 3 La Selva Lodge.

*SIRYSTES (Sirystes sibilator).                   
1 La Selva Lodge.

TROPICAL KINGBIRD (Tyrannus melancholicus).      
Common in the tropical and the upper tropical zones. 160 birds were counted, highest numbers recorded were 50 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 32 La Selva Lodge, 12 Coca, 10 Loreto Road, 10 Tinalandia and 10 Rio Palenque.

SNOWY-THROATED KINGBIRD (Tyrannus niveigularis).
7 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 3 Cerro Alto, 2 San Pablo - La Libertad, 2 Guayaquil Mangrove, 1 Rio Palenque.
 
*CROWNED SLATY-FLYCATCHER (Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus).
1 La Selva Lodge.

*PIRATIC FLYCATCHER (Legatus leucophaius).        
1 Coca, 1 Tena.

BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER (Megarhynchus pitangua).  
1 heard Cerro Blanco, 1 heard Piñas forest, 3 La Selva Lodge, 1 Coca, 2 Tinalandia.

STREAKED FLYCATCHER (Myiodynastes maculatus).    
3 Cerro Blanco, 2 La Selva Lodge, 1 Tinalandia.

BAIRD'S FLYCATCHER (Myiodynastes bairdii).       
2 Cerro Alto.

GOLDEN-CROWNED FLYCATCHER (Myiodynastes chrysocephalus).    
1 Piñas forest, 1 Loreto Road, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 19/9, 1 Tinalandia.

*RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER (Myiozetetes cayanensis).    
15 Tinalandia, 15 Rio Palenque.

SOCIAL FLYCATCHER (Myiozetetes similis).         
1 Zapotal - Guayaquil, 10 Cerro Blanco, 2 Guayaquil Mangrove, 40 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 4 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Zamora - Loja, 6 La Selva Lodge, 4 Coca, 5 Tena, 5 Loreto Road.

*GREY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Myiozetetes granadensis).    
4 La Selva Lodge.

*GREAT KISKADEE (Pitangus sulphuratus).           
9 La Selva Lodge, 1 Coca.

*LESSER KISKADEE (Pitangus lictor).               
3 La Selva Lodge.
BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA (Attila spadiceus).         
1 heard Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 La Selva Lodge.

*CINNAMON ATTILA (Attila cinnamomeus).            
2 La Selva Lodge, 1 heard Coca.

OCHRACEOUS ATTILA (Attila torridus).             
1 heard Piñas forest.

*GREYISH MOURNER (Rhytipterna simplex).           
2 La Selva Lodge.

*SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus ferox).      
1 La Selva Lodge (NK & EM).

SOOTY-CROWNED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus phaeocephalus).    
3 Cerro Blanco, 2 heard Piñas - Loja.

DUSKY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus tuberculifer).    
1 heard Piñas forest, 2 La Selva Lodge, 2 Coca, 2 Rio Palenque.

*OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (Contopus borealis).
1 Rio Palenque.

TROPICAL PEWEE (Contopus cinereus).              
1 heard Engunga Hills, 2 Cerro Blanco.

GREATER PEWEE (Contopus fumigatus).              
2 Piñas forest, 1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Alder forest, 1 heard Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

TAWNY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER (Myiobius villosus).   
2 Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia.

*BLACK-TAILED FLYCATCHER (Myiobius atricaudus).   
2 La Selva Lodge, 2 Tena, 1 Rio Palenque.

*SULPHUR-RUMPED FLYCATCHER (Myiobius sulphureipygius).    
2 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

ORNATE FLYCATCHER (Myiotriccus ornatus).         
10 Piñas forest, 6 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Loreto Road, 3 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

CINNAMON FLYCATCHER (Pyrrhomyias cinnamomea).    
1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Macas Road, 4 Alder forest, 3 Loreto Road, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*FLAVESCENT FLYCATCHER (Myiophobus flavicans).    
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BRAN-COLOURED FLYCATCHER (Myiophobus fasciatus). 
1 Cerro Blanco, 2 Piñas forest, 2 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

*OLIVE-CHESTED FLYCATCHER (Myiophobus cryptoxanthus).    
1 heard Tena.

ORANGE-BANDED FLYCATCHER (Myiophobus lintoni).   
5 Macas Road.

WHITE-THROATED SPADEBILL (Platyrinchus mystaceus).    
1 heard Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia.

*BROWNISH FLYCATCHER (Cnipodectes subbrunneus).   
2 La Selva Lodge.

*GREY-CROWNED FLYCATCHER (Tolmomyias poliocephalus).    
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

*PACIFIC FLATBILL (Rhynchocyclus pacificus).
1 Tinalandia.
Note: Formerly regarded as a subspecies of Eye-ringed Flatbill (Rhynchocyclus brevirostris).

*FULVOUS-BREASTED FLATBILL (Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus).    
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos (NPD).

*OLIVACEOUS FLATBILL (Rhynchocyclys olivaceus).   
1 La Selva Lodge (NPD).
Note: Probably a new species for La Selva Lodge.

*BLACK-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Todirostrum nigriceps).    
1 Tena, 1 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*YELLOW-BROWED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum).    
1 La Selva Lodge.

*GOLDEN-WINGED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Todirostrum calopterum).    
2 Tena.

COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER (Todirostrum cinereum).   
2 Cerro Blanco, 1 Piñas forest, 4 Tena, 1 Tinalandia.

*RUSTY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Todirostrum latirostre).    
1 Tena.

BLACK-THROATED TODY-TYRANT (Hemitriccus granadensis).    
1 Macas Road.

RUFOUS-CROWNED TODY-TYRANT (Poecilotriccus ruficeps).    
1 Macas Road, 1 Loreto Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

SCALE-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT (Lophotriccus pileatus).    
4 Piñas forest, 2 heard Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque, 4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*DOUBLE-BANDED PYGMY-TYRANT (Lophotriccus vitiosus).    
3 La Selva Lodge.

BRONZE-OLIVE PYGMY-TYRANT (Pseudotriccus pelzelni).    
1 Piñas forest, 1 Macas Road (UA, SKR & EM).

RUFOUS-HEADED PYGMY-TYRANT (Pseudotriccus ruficeps).    
1 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9 and 19/9.

ECUADORIAN BRISTLE-TYRANT (Phylloscartes gualaquizae).    
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

*MARBLE-FACED BRISTLE-TYRANT (Phylloscartes ophthalmicus).    
1 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*VARIEGATED BRISTLE-TYRANT (Phylloscartes poecilotis).    
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

YELLOW TYRANNULET (Capsiempis flaveola).         
1 Piñas forest.

TAWNY-CROWNED PYGMY-TYRANT (Euscarthmus meloryphus).    
2 heard Engunga Hills, 1 heard Cerro Alto.

SUBTROPICAL DORADITO (Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis).    
1 Lasso Marsh.

TUFTED TIT-TYRANT (Anairetes parulus).           
2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Papallacta Pass.

*AGILE TIT-TYRANT (Anairetes agilis).             
6 Chiriboga Road.

*LESSER WAGTAIL-TYRANT (Stigmatura napensis).     
2 La Selva Lodge.

TORRENT TYRANNULET (Serpophaga cinerea).         
1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.) (NK), 1 Baeza, 1 Chiriboga Road.

WHITE-THROATED TYRANNULET (Mecocerculus leucophrys).    
3 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 4 Acanamá, 11 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Macas Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9, 5 Yanayacu.

WHITE-TAILED TYRANNULET (Mecocerculus poecilocercus).    
2 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road.

RUFOUS-WINGED TYRANNULET (Mecocerculus calopterus).    
2 Piñas forest, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

WHITE-BANDED TYRANNULET (Mecocerculus stictopterus).   
3 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 2 Acanamá, 2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 1 Macas Road, 2 Alder forest.

SULPHUR-BELLIED TYRANNULET (Mecocerculus minor).
4 Macas Road, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA (Elaenia flavogaster).    
2 Rio Palenque.

WHITE-CRESTED ELAENIA (Elaenia albiceps).        
2 heard Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

MOTTLE-BACKED ELAENIA (Elaenia gigas).           
1 Zamora, 2 La Selva Lodge.

SIERRAN ELAENIA (Elaenia pallatangae).           
1 Acanamá.

*GREY ELAENIA (Myiopagis caniceps).               
1 La Selva Lodge.

PACIFIC ELAENIA (Myiopagis subplacens).          
5 Cerro Blanco.

*YELLOW-CROWNED ELAENIA (Myiopagis flavivertex).  
1 La Selva Lodge.

SOUTHERN BEARDLESS TYRANNULET (Camptostoma obsoletum).    
3 Cerro Alto, 6 Cerro Blanco, 1 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 1 Piñas - Loja, 1 Quito, 2 Tumbaco, 4 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque, 4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*SOOTY-HEADED TYRANNULET (Phyllomyias griseiceps).    
1 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque, 1 Chiriboga Road.

BLACK-CAPPED TYRANNULET (Phyllomyias nigrocapillus).    
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Acanamá, 1 Macas Road.

TAWNY-RUMPED TYRANNULET (Phyllomyias uropygialis).    
1 Alder forest.
*WHITE-FRONTED TYRANNULET (Phyllomyias zeledoni).
3 Loreto Road.
Note: Formerly regarded as a subspecies of Rough-legged Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias burmeisteri).  

*GOLDEN-FACED TYRANNULET (Zimmerius viridiflavus).    
3 heard Loreto Road, 1 Tinalandia.

*YELLOW-CROWNED TYRANNULET (Tyrannulus elatus).   
3 La Selva Lodge, 2 Coca, 4 Tena, 1 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

SLATY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Leptopogon superciliaris).    
1 Cerro Blanco, 2 Piñas forest, 3 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Tinalandia, 3 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

RUFOUS-BREASTED FLYCATCHER (Leptopogon rufipectus).    
3 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*STREAK-NECKED FLYCATCHER (Mionectes striaticollis).    
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*OLIVE-STRIPED FLYCATCHER (Mionectes olivaceus).  
6 Loreto Road.

*OCHRE-BELLIED FLYCATCHER (Mionectes oleagineus). 
2 La Selva Lodge, 2 Rio Palenque.

*RINGED ANTPIPIT (Corythopis torquata).           
1 La Selva Lodge.

*CLIFF FLYCATCHER (Hirundinea ferruginea).        
3 Loreto Road.

*WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW (Tachycineta albiventer).   
30 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 15 returning, 37 La Selva Lodge.

*BROWN-CHESTED MARTIN (Phaeoprogne tapera).     
5 Coca.

GREY-BREASTED MARTIN (Progne chalybea).          
9 Cerro Alto, 10 San Pablo Salinas, 3 La Libertad - Zapotal, 25 Guayaquil Mangrove, 73 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 16 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 45 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 20 returning, 12 La Selva Lodge, 4 Rio Palenque.

BROWN-BELLIED SWALLOW (Notiochelidon murina).    
7 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 5 Loja - Acanamá, 10 Acanamá, 13 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 23 Macas Road, 4 Cuenca, 16 Papallacta Pass, 25 Quito, 10 Chiriboga Road 16/9.
BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW (Notiochelidon cyanoleuca).    
Common, apart from the tropical zones. 267 birds were counted, highest numbers recorded were 25 Zamora - Loja, 25 Acanamá, 25 Lasso Marsh and 40 Tinalandia.

*WHITE-BANDED SWALLOW (Atticora fasciata).        
80 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 120 returning, 10 La Selva Lodge, 6 Tena.

*WHITE-THIGHED SWALLOW (Neochelidon tibialis).    
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 5 Tinalandia, 4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis).    
1 Guayaquil - Naranja, 7 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 10 Piñas forest, 1 Piñas - Loja, 10 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 20 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 10 Tena, 10 Loreto Road, 150 Tinalandia, 10 Rio Palenque.

BANK SWALLOW (Riparia riparia).
125 San Pablo Salinas.

CLIFF SWALLOW (Hirundo pyrrhonota).
6 Lasso Marsh.

TURQUOISE JAY (Cyanolyca turcosa).               
Flock heard Piñas - Loja, 4 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 6 Macas Road, 2 Alder forest, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 10 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*VIOLACEOUS JAY (Cyanocorax violaceus).           
2 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 11 La Selva Lodge.

WHITE-TAILED JAY (Cyanocorax mystacalis).        
1 Cerro Blanco (NPD), 4 Guayaquil Mangrove.

GREEN JAY (Cyanocorax yncas).                    
6 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Zamora - Loja.

WHITE-CAPPED DIPPER (Cinclus leucocephalus).     
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*BLACK-CAPPED DONACOBIUS (Donacobius atricapillus).    
10 La Selva Lodge, 2 Coca.
Note: Formerly called Black-capped Mockingthrush.

*BAND-BACKED WREN (Campylorhynchus zonatus).      
5 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.

FASCIATED WREN (Campylorhynchus fasciatus).      
2 Cerro Alto, 2 Cerro Blanco, 1 Guayaquil Mangrove, 1 Santa Rosa - Piñas.

THRUSH-LIKE WREN (Campylorhynchus turdinus).     
2 heard Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 4 La Selva Lodge, 1 heard Coca, 2 Loreto Road.

RUFOUS WREN (Cinnycerthia unirufa).              
14 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 5 Acanamá, 4 Macas Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 3 Yanayacu.

*SEPIA-BROWN WREN (Cinnycerthia peruana).         
8 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

GRASS WREN (Cistothorus platensis).              
3 Acanamá, 3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Lasso Marsh, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

PLAIN-TAILED WREN (Thryothorus euophrys).        
11 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 2 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 3 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

WHISKERED WREN (Thryothorus mystacalis).    
2 Piñas forest, 10 heard Rio Palenque.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species and split from Moustached Wren (Thryothorus genibarbis).

*CORAYA WREN (Thryothorus coraya).                
2 heard Tena.

SPECKLED-BREASTED WREN (Thryothorus sclateri).    
8 Cerro Blanco.

BAY WREN (Thryothorus nigricapillus).            
7 Piñas forest, 3 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 10 19/9, 10 Tinalandia, 8 Rio Palenque.

*BUFF-BREASTED WREN (Thryothorus leucotis).       
2 La Selva Lodge.

SUPERCILIATED WREN (Thryothorus superciliaris).  
2 Engunga Hills, 2 Cerro Alto, 10 Cerro Blanco.

HOUSE WREN (Troglodytes aedon).                  
1 Cerro Alto, 3 Cerro Blanco, 4 Piñas forest, 2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Zamora - Loja, 2 La Selva Lodge (MH), 1 Coca, 2 Tena, 2 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque,.

MOUNTAIN WREN (Troglodytes solstitialis).        
8 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 4 Macas Road, 3 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*WHITE-BREASTED WOOD-WREN (Henicorhina leucosticta).    
4 La Selva Lodge.

GREY-BREASTED WOOD-WREN (Henicorhina leucophrys).    
4 Piñas forest, 1 Alder forest, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 3 Chiriboga Road 19/9.
 
*SOUTHERN NIGHTINGALE-WREN (Microcerculus marginatus).    
4 La Selva Lodge, 1 Coca, 2 Tinalandia, 6 Rio Palenque, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.
Note: Sometimes called Scaly-breasted Wren. If the middle American "subspecies" philomela is lumped with marginatus, the combined species becomes Nightingale Wren.
 
*WING-BANDED WREN (Microcerculus bambla).         
2 Loreto Road.

CHESTNUT-BREASTED WREN (Cyphorhinus thoracicus). 
2 heard Macas Road.

SONG WREN (Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus).          
2 Piñas forest, 1 Rio Palenque.

LONG-TAILED MOCKINGBIRD (Mimus longicaudatus).   
3 Guayaquil, 2 Guayaquil - Engunga Hills, 45 Cerro Alto, 10 Punta Carnero, 7 La Libertad - Guayaquil, 2 Piñas - Loja.

*ANDEAN SOLITAIRE (Myadestes ralloides).          
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 5 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 2 19/9.

PALE-EYED THRUSH (Platycichla leucops).          
1 heard Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.) (NK), 2 Loreto Road.

CHIGUANCO THRUSH (Turdus chiguanco).             
6 Oña - Cumbe, 1 Macas Road (UA).

GREAT THRUSH (Turdus fuscater).                  
Common in the Andes, were we counted 160 birds.

GLOSSY-BLACK THRUSH (Turdus serranus).           
1 Piñas - Loja, 1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Alder forest, 2 Chiriboga Road.

PLUMBEOUS-BACKED THRUSH (Turdus reevei).         
2 Cerro Blanco, 1 Piñas forest, 1 Piñas - Loja. 

*CHESTNUT-BELLIED THRUSH (Turdus fulviventris).   
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos (NK & JM).

BLACK-BILLED THRUSH (Turdus ignobilis).   
11 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 4 Zamora, 2 La Selva Lodge, 10 Tena.
                  
ECUADORIAN THRUSH (Turdus maculirostris). 
10 Cerro Blanco, 1 El Vado, 2 Piñas forest, 2 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species, split from Bare-eyed Thrush (Turdus nudigenis).
   
WHITE-NECKED THRUSH (Turdus albicollis).        
1 Zamora (NK), 2 La Selva Lodge.

*TAWNY-FACED GNATWREN (Microbates cinereiventris).    
4 Tinalandia.

LONG-BILLED GNATWREN (Ramphocaenus melanurus).   
5 Cerro Blanco, 1 heard La Selva Lodge, 3 Rio Palenque.

TROPICAL GNATCATCHER (Polioptila plumbea).       
7 Cerro Alto, 2 San Pablo Salinas, 2 Punta Carnero, 15 Cerro Blanco.

PARAMO PIPIT (Anthus bogotensis).                
5 Cotopaxi N.P.

RUFOUS-BROWED PEPPERSHRIKE (Cyclarhis gujanensis).    
2 Cerro Blanco, 1 Piñas forest, 1 Oña - Cumbe, 1 Rio Palenque.

BLACK-BILLED PEPPERSHRIKE (Cyclarhis nigrirostris).    
1 Zamora - Loja, 2 Macas Road.

*SLATY-CAPPED SHRIKE-VIREO (Vireolanius leucotis).    
2 heard Tinalandia, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

RED-EYED VIREO (Vireo olivaceus).                
15 Cerro Blanco, 2 Tinalandia, 5 Rio Palenque, 5 Chiriboga Road.

BROWN-CAPPED VIREO (Vireo leucophrys).    
2 Piñas forest, 4 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 4 Loreto Road.
Note: Formerly regarded as a subspecies of Warbling Vireo (V. gilvus).

OLIVACEOUS GREENLET (Hylophilus olivaceus).      
3 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 heard Loreto Road.

*TAWNY-CROWNED GREENLET (Hylophilus ochraceiceps). 
3 La Selva Lodge.

LESSER GREENLET (Hylophilus minor).               
4 Piñas forest, 2 Tinalandia, 10 Rio Palenque.

SHINY COWBIRD (Molothrus bonariensis).           
1 Cerro Alto, 25 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 2 Cuenca, 1 La Selva Lodge, 1 Tena, 12 Tinalandia.

*GIANT COWBIRD (Scaphidura oryzivora).            
3 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 11 La Selva Lodge.

*CASQUED OROPENDOLA (Psarocolius oseryi).   
2 La Selva Lodge.
      
*CRESTED OROPENDOLA (Psarocolius decumanus).      
62 La Selva Lodge,

*RUSSET-BACKED OROPENDOLA (Psarocolius angustifrons).    
28 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 210 La Selva Lodge, 30 Loreto Road.

*OLIVE OROPENDOLA (Psarocolius yuracares).        
7 La Selva Lodge.

YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE (Cacicus cela).            
2 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 4 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Coca - La Selva Lodge and 5 returning, 24 La Selva Lodge, 20 Coca, 10 Tena.

SUBTROPICAL CACIQUE (Cacicus uropygialis).       
4 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 5 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Loreto Road.
Note: This species is now split from Scarlet-rumped Cacique, but Subtropical keeps the latin name uropygialis. 

SCARLET-RUMPED CACIQUE (Cacicus microrhynchus pacificus).  
1 heard Piñas.
Note: See the previous species. The Ecuadorian race pacificus may also become a full species (Pacific Cacique).

MOUNTAIN CACIQUE (Cacicus leucorhamphus).        
2 heard Alder forest, 5 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*SOLITARY BLACK CACIQUE (Cacicus solitarius).     
2 La Selva Lodge.

YELLOW-BILLED CACIQUE (Amblycercus holosericeus).    
1 Macas Road, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

SCRUB BLACKBIRD (Dives warszewiczi).             
2 heard Cerro Blanco, 1 Guayaquil Mangrove, 3 Santa Rosa - Piñas.

*VELVET-FRONTED GRACKLE (Lampropsar tanagrinus).  
1 La Selva Lodge.

*MORICHE ORIOLE (Icterus chrysocephalus).         
3 La Selva Lodge.

WHITE-EDGED ORIOLE (Icterus graceannae).         
2 Engunga Hills.

YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE (Icterus mesomelas).        
8 Cerro Blanco, 5 Piñas - Loja, 1 heard Oña - Cumbe.

*ORIOLE BLACKBIRD (Cyanomystax mexicanus).        
1 La Selva Lodge.

*RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD (Sturnella militaris).    
1% Coca (NK & EM).

PERUVIAN RED-BREASTED MEADOWLARK (Sturnella bellicosa).       
9 Cerro Alto, 30 Punta Carnero, 4 La Libertad - Zapotal, 1 Guayaquil - Naranja, 1 Loja - Acanamá.

TROPICAL PARULA (Parula pitiayumi).              
20 Cerro Blanco, 10 Piñas forest, 3 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 1 Tinalandia, 5 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER (Dendroica fusca).          
1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

OLIVE-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT (Geothlypis semiflava).    
3 Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

SLATE-THROATED REDSTART (Myioborus miniatus).    
7 Piñas forest, 2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Macas Road, 4 Loreto Road, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 10 19/9.

SPECTACLED REDSTART (Myioborus melanocephalus).  
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 2 Acanamá, 3 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 15 Macas Road, 6 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*GOLDEN-BELLIED WARBLER (Basileuterus chrysogaster).    
20 Tinalandia.

CITRINE WARBLER (Basileuterus luteoviridis).     
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Acanamá, 8 Macas Road, 4 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BLACK-CRESTED WARBLER (Basileuterus nigrocristatus).    
27 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 5 Acanamá, 5 Macas Road, 2 Alder forest, 3 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

RUSSET-CROWNED WARBLER (Basileuterus coronatus). 
3 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 2 Macas Road, 7 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 2 19/9.

*THREE-STRIPED WARBLER (Basileuterus tristriatus).    
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 3 19/9.

THREE-BANDED WARBLER (Basileuterus trifasciatus).    
9 Piñas forest.

GREY-AND-GOLD WARBLER (Basileuterus fraseri).    
10 Cerro Blanco, 15 Piñas forest.

BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER (Basileuterus fulvicauda).   
1 Piñas forest, 3 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque.

BANANAQUIT (Coereba flaveola).                   
5 Cerro Blanco, 2 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 2 Piñas forest, 6 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Zamora, 8 Tena, 2 Rio Palenque.

CINEREOUS CONEBILL (Conirostrum cinereum).       
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Macas Road, 2 Alder forest, 4 Quito, 1 Tumbaco, 4 Yanacocha, 10 Yanayacu.

BLUE-BACKED CONEBILL (Conirostrum sitticolor).   
7 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Acanamá, 3 Macas Road, 5 Yanayacu.

CAPPED CONEBILL (Conirostrum albifrons).         
15 Macas Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

*GIANT CONEBILL (Oreomanes fraseri).              
1 Yanayacu.

*BLUISH FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa caerulescens).    
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

MASKED FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa cyanea).          
30 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Loja - Acanamá, 5 Acanamá, 5 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 15 Macas Road, 2 Alder forest, 6 Cordillera de Guacamayos.
 
*DEEP-BLUE FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa glauca).       
5 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 5 Loreto Road.

GLOSSY FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa lafresnayii).     
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 3 Acanamá, 25 Macas Road, 5 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 4 Yanacocha, 4 Yanayacu.

BLACK FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa humeralis).        
2 Acanamá, 10 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 4 Quito, 2 Nino Road.

WHITE-SIDED FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa albilatera). 
25 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 2 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*RUSTY FLOWERPIERCER (Diglossa sittoides).        
1 heard Tumbaco.

*PURPLE HONEYCREEPER (Cyanerpes caeruleus).       
6 La Selva Lodge, 7 Tena, 1 Rio Palenque.

GREEN HONEYCREEPER (Chlorophanes spiza).         
1& Piñas forest (SKR & NK), 8 La Selva Lodge, 3 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*GOLDEN-COLLARED HONEYCREEPER (Iridophanes pulcherrima).    
3%% Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BLUE DACNIS (Dacnis cayana).                     
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 La Selva Lodge.

*BLACK-FACED DACNIS (Dacnis lineata).             
5 La Selva Lodge, 1 Tena, 1 Loreto Road.

*YELLOW-TUFTED DACNIS (Dacnis egregia).    
2 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species, spit from Black-faced Dacnis (Dacnis lineata).

*YELLOW-BELLIED DACNIS (Dacnis flaviventer).      
1& Tena.

*SCARLET-THIGHED DACNIS (Dacnis venusta).         
2%% Rio Palenque.

TIT-LIKE DACNIS (Xenodacnis parina).             
10 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area

*SWALLOW TANAGER (Tersina viridis).               
2 La Selva Lodge, 6 Tinalandia, 4 Rio Palenque.

BLUE-NAPED CHLOROPHONIA (Chlorophonia cyanea).   
2 Macas Road.

*YELLOW-COLLARED CHLOROPHONIA (Chlorophonia flavirostris).    
7 + a flock heard Chiriboga Road 19/9.

CHESTNUT-BREASTED CHLOROPHONIA (Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys).    
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

ORANGE-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Euphonia xanthogaster). 
7 Piñas forest, 2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Zamora - Loja, 1 La Selva Lodge, 6 Loreto Road, 4 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 3 Tinalandia, 7 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*ORANGE-CROWNED EUPHONIA (Euphonia saturata).     
3 Tinalandia.

THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA (Euphonia laniirostris).   
1 heard Cerro Blanco, 2 Piñas forest, 1 Coca, 4 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.
 
*RUFOUS-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Euphonia rufiventris).  
3 La Selva Lodge.

*BRONZE-GREEN EUPHONIA (Euphonia mesochrysa).     
3 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*GOLDEN-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Euphonia chrysopasta).  
4 La Selva Lodge.

FAWN-BREASTED TANAGER (Pipraeidea melanonota).   
4 Piñas forest, 2 Loreto Road, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

ORANGE-EARED TANAGER (Chlorochrysa calliparaea). 
4 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 5 Loreto Road.

OPAL-RUMPED TANAGER (Tangara velia).             
1 Zamora.

*OPAL-CROWNED TANAGER (Tangara callophrys).       
10 La Selva Lodge.

PARADISE TANAGER (Tangara chilensis).            
5 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 10 Loreto Road.

*GREEN-AND-GOLD TANAGER (Tangara schrankii).      
4 La Selva Lodge, 1 Loreto Road.

SPOTTED TANAGER (Tangara punctata).              
4 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 5 Loreto Road.

*YELLOW-BELLIED TANAGER (Tangara xanthogastra).   
3 La Selva Lodge.

GOLDEN TANAGER (Tangara arthus).                 
5 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 9 Loreto Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 15 19/9.

*SILVER-THROATED TANAGER (Tangara icterocephala). 
2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

SAFFRON-CROWNED TANAGER (Tangara xanthocephala). 
2 Alder forest, 14 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

GOLDEN-EARED TANAGER (Tangara chrysotis).        
3 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Loreto Road.

*FLAME-FACED TANAGER (Tangara parzudakii).        
6 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*BLUE-BROWED TANAGER (Tangara cyanotis).          
3 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*METALLIC-GREEN TANAGER (Tangara labradorides).   
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BLUE-NECKED TANAGER (Tangara cyanicollis).       
1 Piñas forest, 9 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 6 Tena, 7 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 4 Loreto Road, 1 Tinalandia, 2 Rio Palenque.

*GOLDEN-NAPED TANAGER (Tangara ruficervix).       
3 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*TURQUOISE TANAGER (Tangara mexicana).            
4 La Selva Lodge, 10 Tena.

*GREY-AND-GOLD TANAGER (Tangara palmeri).
1 Tinalandia (SL).

BAY-HEADED TANAGER (Tangara gyrola).             
4 Piñas forest, 4 La Selva Lodge, 3 Loreto Road, 2 Tinalandia, 6 Rio Palenque.

BERYL-SPANGLED TANAGER (Tangara nigroviridis).   
2 Macas Road, 6 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 4 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 19/9.

BLUE-AND-BLACK TANAGER (Tangara vassorii).       
9 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 20 Macas Road, 12 Cordillera de Guacamayos.
 
*BLACK-CAPPED TANAGER (Tangara heinei).           
2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*YELLOW-THROATED TANAGER (Iridosornis analis).    
2 Loreto Road, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

GOLDEN-CROWNED TANAGER (Iridosornis rufivertex). 
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Acanamá, 10 Macas Road.

SCARLET-BELLIED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus igniventris).
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Acanamá, 8 Macas Road, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 4 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 6 Yanacocha, 8 Yanayacu.

LACRIMOSE MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus lacrymosus).    
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 5 Acanamá, 15 Macas Road.

BLUE-WINGED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus flavinuchus).    
8 Piñas - Loja, 2 Alder forest, 8 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 5 19/9.

*BLACK-CHINNED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Anisognathus notabilis).    
1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

HOODED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Buthraupis montana).    
12 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 10 Macas Road, 4 Alder forest, 7 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 2 Yanacocha.

MASKED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Buthraupis wetmorei).   
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

*BLACK-CHESTED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Buthraupis eximia).    
2 Yanacocha, 1 Yanayacu.

BUFF-BREASTED MOUNTAIN-TANAGER (Dubusia taeniata).    
1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Macas Road, 2 Alder forest, 3 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

BLUE-GREY TANAGER (Thraupis episcopus).          
2 Cerro Alto, 10 Cerro Blanco, 12 Guayaquil - Santa Rosa, 4 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Zamora, 2 Zamora - Loja, 7 La Selva Lodge, 12 Tena, 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 6 Tena, 5 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*PALM TANAGER (Thraupis palmarum).                
10 La Selva Lodge, 10 Coca, 8 Tena, 10 Tinalandia, 6 Rio Palenque, 7 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

BLUE-AND-YELLOW TANAGER (Thraupis bonariensis).  
1 Quito - Papallacta Pass and 1 returning, 5 Quito.

SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER (Ramphocelus carbo).       
6 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 7 La Selva Lodge, 4 Coca, 10 Tena.

*MASKED CRIMSON TANAGER (Ramphocelus nigrogularis).    
8 La Selva Lodge.

LEMON-RUMPED TANAGER (Ramphocelus icteronotus).  
25 Naranja - Piñas, 10 Piñas forest, 1 Piñas - Loja, 15 Tinalandia, 8 Rio Palenque, 15 Chiriboga Road 19/9.
Note: Sometimes called Yellow-rumped Tanager. This species may well be a subspecies of Flame-rumped Tanager (R. flammigerus).

*VERMILION TANAGER (Calochaetes coccineus).       
3 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

HEPATIC TANAGER (Piranga flava lutea).                 
2 Piñas forest.
Note: It is conceivable that Hepatic Tanager will be split into 2 or 3 species, in which case the montane subspecies (lutea) becomes something like Highland Hepatic-Tanager.

*WHITE-WINGED TANAGER (Piranga leucoptera).       
6 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

RED-HOODED TANAGER (Piranga rubriceps).          
7 Macas Road, 4 Alder forest.

*OCHRE-BREASTED TANAGER (Chlorothraupis stolzmanni).    
4 Tinalandia.

*WHITE-LINED TANAGER (Tachyphonus rufus).         
2 Tinalandia.

*FLAME-CRESTED TANAGER (Tachyphonus cristatus).   
2 La Selva Lodge.

*WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER (Tachyphonus luctuosus).    
1 La Selva Lodge (JM), 2 Tinalandia, 1 Rio Palenque.

*RUFOUS-CRESTED TANAGER (Creurgops verticalis).   
1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

*DUSKY-FACED TANAGER (Mitrospingus cassinii).     
6 Tinalandia.

GUIRA TANAGER (Hemithraupis guira).              
10 Cerro Blanco, 3 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.).

*YELLOW-BACKED TANAGER (Hemithraupis flavicollis).    
1 La Selva Lodge.

*ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER (Thlypopsis sordida).      
1% Tena.

RUFOUS-CHESTED TANAGER (Thlypopsis ornata).      
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area

COMMON BUSH-TANAGER (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus).    
15 Piñas forest, 10 Macas Road, 6 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 6 Loreto Road.

ASHY-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER (Chlorospingus canigularis).    
5 Piñas forest, 1 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Tinalandia, 4 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

YELLOW-THROATED BUSH-TANAGER (Chlorospingus flavigularis).    
7 Piñas forest, 16 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 12 Loreto Road, 4 Tinalandia.

*DUSKY-BELLIED BUSH-TANAGER (Chlorospingus semifuscus).    
4 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

GREY-HOODED BUSH-TANAGER (Cnemoscopus rubrirostris).    
7 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 10 Macas Road, 1 Alder forest, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

BLACK-BACKED BUSH-TANAGER (Urothraupis stolzmanni).    
10 Macas Road.

BLACK-CAPPED HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus atropileus).    
11 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Cordillera de Guacamayos.

SUPERCILIARIED HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus superciliaris).    
2 Loja - Acanamá, 2 Acanamá, 1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 1 Yanacocha, 2 Yanayacu.

BLACK-EARED HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus melanotis). 
1 Alder forest.

BLACK-HEADED HEMISPINGUS (Hemispingus verticalis).    
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Acanamá, 8 Macas Road.

GRASS-GREEN TANAGER (Chlorornis riefferii).      
15 Macas Road, 1 Cordillera de Guacamayos, 4 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

MAGPIE TANAGER (Cissopis leveriana).             
2 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 2 Zamora - Loja, 1 La Selva Lodge, 1 Coca, 1 Tena, 1 Loreto Road.

PLUSH-CAPPED FINCH (Catamblyrhynchus diadema).   
2 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Macas Road, 1 Chiriboga Road 16/9.
BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR (Saltator maximus).       
2 Cerro Blanco, 6 Piñas forest, 4 Piñas - Loja, 8 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loreto Road, 2 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque, 2 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

BLACK-WINGED SALTATOR (Saltator atripennis).     
5 Piñas forest, 1 Tinalandia, 3 Rio Palenque, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

*GREYISH SALTATOR (Saltator coerulescens).        
2 La Selva Lodge, 2 Tena, 1 Loreto Road.

STREAKED SALTATOR (Saltator albicollis).         
5 Cerro Blanco.

MASKED SALTATOR (Saltator cinctus).              
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.) (NK).

SLATE-COLOURED GROSBEAK (Pitylus grossus).       
1 heard Piñas forest, 1 heard Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 3 La Selva Lodge, 1 Loreto Road, 2 Tinalandia.

*RED-CAPPED CARDINAL (Paroaria gularis).          
6 La Selva Lodge.

SOUTHERN YELLOW-GROSBEAK (Pheucticus chrysogaster).    
1 Engunga Hills, 1 Piñas - Loja, 1 Loja - Acanamá, 8 Tumbaco.
Note: The species has been regarded as a subspecies of Yellow Grosbeak (Pheucticus chryopeplus). The new species is often called Golden-bellied Grosbeak. 

BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT (Volatinia jacarina).      
5 Cerro Alto, 10 Punta Carnero, 1 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 5 Zamora, 

VARIABLE SEEDEATER (Sporophila americana).       
8 Cerro Blanco, 1 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 1 Santa Rosa - Piñas, 2 Piñas forest, 1 Piñas -Loja, 2 La Selva Lodge, 6 Rio Palenque.

*YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Sporophila nigricollis).    
10 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 5 Chiriboga Road 16/9, 20 Rio Palenque.

PARROT-BILLED SEEDEATER (Sporophila peruviana).      
125 Cerro Alto, 1 San Pablo - La Libertad, 300 Punta Carnero.

*CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Sporophila castaneiventris).    
3 La Selva Lodge, 5 Tena, 4 Loreto Road.

CHESTNUT-THROATED SEEDEATER (Sporophila telasco).    
100 Punta Carnero.

BAND-TAILED SEEDEATER (Sporophila analis).
1 Quito - Papallacta Pass (SKR).

LESSER SEED-FINCH (Oryzoborus angolensis).       
1 heard Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 6 Tena.

PLAIN-COLOURED SEEDEATER (Catamenia inornata).   
2 Acanamá, 2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Cotopaxi N.P., 1 Nino Road.

SAFFRON FINCH (Sicalis flaveola).                
1 Naranja - Santa Rosa, 4 Santa Rosa - Piñas.

PLUMBEOUS SIERRA-FINCH (Phrygilus unicolor).     
15 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 30 Cotopaxi N.P., 2 Papallacta Pass.

BAND-TAILED SIERRA-FINCH (Phrygilus alaudinus).  
2 Punta Carnero.

CRIMSON FINCH (Rhodospingus cruentus).           
20 Cerro Alto, 2 Cerro Blanco, 6 Rio Palenque.

PALE-NAPED BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes pallidinucha). 
5 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

RUFOUS-NAPED BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes rufinucha).  
10 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Loja - Acanamá, 2 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Macas Road,  2 Chiriboga Road 16/9.

TRICOLOURED BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes tricolor).    
3 Piñas forest, 1 Chiriboga Road 19/9.

SLATY BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes schistaceus).       
2 Alder forest.

STRIPE-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes torquatus). 
1 Cajanuma (Podocarpus N.P.).

*ORANGE-BILLED SPARROW (Arremon aurantiirostris). 
2 Tinalandia.

BLACK-CAPPED SPARROW (Arremon abeillei).         
4 Cerro Blanco.

BLACK-STRIPED SPARROW (Arremonops conirostris).  
1 Cerro Blanco, 4 Piñas forest.

YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW (Ammodramus aurifrons).    
4 Bombuscaro (Podocarpus N.P.), 1 Zamora, 4 Zamora - Loja, 1 Coca - La Selva Lodge, 2 La Selva Lodge, 3 Coca, 4 Tena, 2 Loreto Road.

RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW (Zonotrichia capensis).  
Common in the Andes, where we counted 130 birds.  

COLLARED WARBLING-FINCH (Poospiza hispaniolensis).    
5 Cerro Alto.

HOODED SISKIN (Carduelis magellanica).           
2 Quito, 16 Quito - Papallacta Pass, 20 Tumbaco.

OLIVACEOUS SISKIN (Carduelis olivacea).          
3 Zamora, 2 Loreto Road.

YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN (Carduelis xanthogastra).  
3 Piñas forest.

HOUSE SPARROW (Passer domesticus).	INTRODUCED.
3 Cerro Alto, 2 Gualaceo, 1 Cuenca.

 MAMMALS AND REPTILES RECORDED IN MAINLAND ECUADOR.

MANTLED HOWLER MONKEY (Alouatta palliata).
Heard Cerro Blanco.

RED HOWLER MONKEY (Alouatta seniculus).
Heard La Selva Lodge.

NIGHT MONKEY SP. (Aoutus spp.).
1 heard La Selva Lodge.

DUSKY TITI MONKEY (Callicebus moloch).
A flock seen at La Selva Lodge.

COMMON SQUIRREL MONKEY (Saimiri sciureus).
10 La Selva Lodge.

WHITE-FRONTED CAPUCHIN MONKEY (Cebus albifrons).
1 Cerro Blanco (BC).

BLACK-MANTLE TAMARIN (Saguinus tripartitus).
A flock seen at La Selva Lodge.

NORTHERN TAMANDUA (Tamandua mexicana).
1 found dead Chiriboga road 16/9.

VIRGINIA DEER (Odecoileus virginianus).
3 Cotopaxi N.P.

GUAYAQUIL SQUIRREL (Sciurus stramineus).
1 Cerro Blanco.

BRAZILIAN RABBIT (Silviagus brasiliensis).
1 Las Cajas Nat'l Recreation Area, 2 Cotopaxi N.P.

BIRD SPIDER SP.
3 Cerro Blanco.

COMMON IGUANA (Iguana iguana).
3 Cerro Blanco, 2 Guayaquil Mangrove.

APPENDIX:  POST-TOUR NOTES

Erik Mølgaard was even in Ecuador before and after the journey. 10th-14th August he visited Niels Krabbe, and from September 23rd to October 5th he provided guide services to another DOF tour with 4 participants, led by Hans Meilstrup.

This appendix contains a short description of localities that were not visited and a list of bird species that were not observed (or are uncommon) on the tour described inside the report. The localities visited were: Tumbaco (10-14/8), Alchipichi (12/8+30/9), Papallacta Pass (13/8+2/10), Tandayapa (14/8+1/10), Cuyabeno (24-29/9), Lago Agrio (24+29-30/9) and Cotopaxi (4/10).

Alchipichi (Inter-andean)

Alchipichi is a small town about an hour by car north of Quito, somewhat withdrawn to the west from the main road 3 km south of Puellero. In town, go west from the grocery store and turn north towards the large ravine when reaching the football ground. After ½ km, just after a deserted chicken farm, a small but deep ravine appears on the right side of the trail. Try to find a spot from where you have a view down into the gulley where resting Oilbirds can be seen very well. If you don't have any luck, try asking the local people. White-tipped Swift, Scrub Tanager and Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch should be around.

Tandayapa (West slope)

When going towards Calacali on the new road from Quito, Tandayapa can be reached by taking the turnoff at the Tandayapa Military Camp a few km before Nanegalito. Good forest is still found both east and west of the village. Toucan Barbet, Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan and Cock-of-the-Rock can be seen here. The little stream along the old Nono road back towards Quito is good for Torrent Duck and White-capped Dipper.

Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve (Northern Oriente) 

Visiting this huge (650,000 hectares) rainforest reserve has become somewhat easier after the relatively recent opening of a lodge, around which most rainforest habitats are found. This includes the full range of aquatic habitats, e.g. the only igapo (permanently flooded forest) in the upper Amazon. To get to the Cuyabeno lodge, you take a 3½ hours bus ride from Lago Agrio to Nuevo Mundo, from where you sail down the river for 2½ hours. The lodge is rather primitive with no power supply and no hot water. The staff is lazy and not service-minded - we had to bribe them to get our breakfast served before 7 a.m. 

The lodge is situated on an island in a laguna so you are dependent on being sailed out for birding - a great experience. At the opposite end of the laguna lies a scientific station in the high forest; here multiple trails are found, going up to 5 km into the forest. This is the area to search for specialties like Nocturnal Currasow, Black-necked Red-Cotinga, Pavonine Quetzal, Reddish-winged Bare-eyed, Dugand's Antwren and most of the spectaculars found in La Selva. 

In the lagunas, Sungrebe and Muscovy Duck can be found fairly easily, in addition to species found in La Selva as well. Citron-bellied Attila, Band-tailed Nighthawk and Festive Parrot are other Cuyabeno specialties, and it certainly deserves mentioning that there are healthy populations of dolphins, manatees, tapirs and jaguars in the area.

There is even a lodge at Nuevo Mundo, situated in good high forest with several trails into it.

Lago Agrio (Northern Oriente)

Lago Agrio, situated on the bank of Rio Aguario, is the oil capital of Ecuador and the population has grown explosively in recent years (now above 10,000). This is a miserable town, with only one near-decent hotel: the Gran Hostal de Lago, the garden of which is even quite good for birds (e.g. Scaled Pigeon and Blue-chinned Sapphire). There are daily flights from Quito, but booking can be difficult, due to the position of the oil companies and even Metropolitan Touring. A small bribe for the check-in staff is recommended.

* = Species not recorded on the main tour.

*AMERICAN DARTER (Anhinga anhinga).
1 Nuevo Mundo Lodge - Cuyabeno Lodge, 1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

AGAMI HERON (Agamia agami).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

TORRENT DUCK (Merganetta armata).
1 Tandayapa - Nono.

*MUSCOVY DUCK (Cairina moschata).
59 Cuyabeno Lodge.

ANDEAN CONDOR (Vultur gryphus).
1 Papallacta Pass.

*SWALLOW-TAILED KITE (Elanoides forficatus).
1 Lago Agrio - Nuevo Mundo Bridge 24/9, 20 returning 30/9.

GREY-HEADED KITE (Leptodon cayanensis).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.

*HOOK-BILLED KITE (Chondrohierax uncinatus).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE (Harpagus bidentatus).
2 Cuyabeno Lodge - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.

*BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Buteo platypterus).
1 Tandayapa.

SLATE-COLOURED HAWK (Leucopternis schistacea).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.

*GREAT BLACK HAWK (Buteogallus urubitinga).       
1 Cuyabeno Lodge - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.

*ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE (Spizaetus ornatus).           
1 Cuyabeno Lodge - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.

*CRANE HAWK (Geranospiza caerulescens).
2-3 Cuyabeno Lodge.

RUFOUS-SIDED CRAKE (Laterallus albigularis).
2 heard Nuevo Mundo Bridge - Lago Agrio.

*PURPLE GALLINULE (Porphyrula martinica).
2 Nuevo Mundo Bridge - Lago Agrio.

*SUNGREBE (Heliornis fulica).
2 Nuevo Mundo Bridge - Cuyabeno Lodge, 8 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*HUDSONIAN GODWIT (Limosa haemastica).
1 Cotopaxi N.P. 3/10.

RUFOUS-BELLIED SEEDSNIPE  (Attagis gayi).
3 Cotopaxi N.P.

*SCALED PIGEON (Columba speciosa).                
2 Lago Agrio.

*RUDDY GROUND-DOVE (Columbina talpacoti).
2 Lago Agrio.

SCARLET MACAW (Ara macao).
2 Cuyabeno Lodge.
Note: Like at La Selva Lodge, only very few Macaws and Amazon parrots were seen. We believe most parrots leave the whole area in this seasonally.

CRESTED OWL (Lophostrix cristata).
1 heard Nuevo Mundo Lodge.

SPECTACLED OWL (Pulsatrix perspicillata).
2 seen very well Cuyabeno Lodge - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.

*OILBIRD (Steatornis caripensis).
4 Alchipichi 12/8, 2 1/10.

*BAND-TAILED NIGHTHAWK (Nyctiprogne leucopyga).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.
Note: This species has been seen in Ecuador only a few times. The first record was probably in 1991 (Rose-Ann Rowlet), also in Cuyabeno Lodge.

*WHITE-TIPPED SWIFT (Aeronautes montivagus).      
20 Quito - Alchipichi 12/8, 2 Alchipichi 1/10.

*GREY-BREASTED SABREWING (Campylopterus largipennis).    
1 Nuevo Mundo Lodge.

*GREEN VIOLETEAR (Colibri thalassinus).           
10 Tandayapa.

*BLACK-THROATED MANGO (Anthracothorax nigricollis).
2 Lago Agrio.

*BLUE-CHINNED SAPPHIRE (Chlorestes notatus).      
1% Lago Agrio.

GLITTERING-THROATED EMERALD (Amazilia fimbriata).
1 Lago Agrio.

*GREEN-AND-RUFOUS KINGFISHER (Chloroceryle inda). 
3 Nuevo Mundo Lodge - Cuyabeno Lodge, 1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*PYGMY KINGFISHER (Chloroceryle aenea).           
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

YELLOW-BILLED JACAMAR (Galbula albirostris).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

PURPLISH JACAMAR (Galbula chalcothorax).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

TOUCAN BARBET (Semnornis ramphastinus).
8 Tandayapa 1/10.

*CHESTNUT-EARED ARACARI (Pteroglossus castanotis).    
5 Lago Agrio - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.

*SPOT-BREASTED WOODPECKER (Colaptes punctigula).  
1 Lago Agrio (Ole Guddik-Sørensen).

*CHESTNUT WOODPECKER (Celeus elegans).            
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

LONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Nasica longirostris).
4 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*OCELLATED WOODCREEPER (Xiphorhynchus ocellatus). 
1 heard Cuyabeno Lodge.

OLIVE-BACKED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Automolus infuscatus).
2 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*UNDULATED ANTSHRIKE (Frederickena unduligera).   
1 heard Nuevo Mundo Lodge.

*PEARLY ANTSHRIKE (Megastictus margaritatus).     
2 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*WHITE-CHEEKED ANTBIRD (Gymnopithys leucaspis).   
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

THRUSH-LIKE ANTPITTA (Myrmothera campanisona).
1 heard Nuevo Mundo Lodge.

PLUM-THROATED COTINGA (Cotinga maynama).
2 Cuyabeno Lodge.

SPANGLED COTINGA (Cotinga cayana).
5 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*GREEN MANAKIN (Chloropipo holochlora).           
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

ORANGE-CRESTED MANAKIN (Heterocercus aurantiivertex).
1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*DWARF TYRANT-MANAKIN (Tyranneutes stolzmanni).   
2 heard Cuyabeno Lodge.

*EASTERN KINGBIRD (Tyrannus tyrannus).
10 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*CITRON-BELLIED ATTILA (Attila citriniventris).   
4 Cuyabeno Lodge.

BROWNISH FLYCATCHER (Cnipodectes subbrunneus).
1 Nuevo Mundo Lodge.

RINGED ANTPIPIT (Corythopis torquata).
1 Nuevo Mundo Lodge, 1 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*BARN SWALLOW (Hirundo rustica).
1 Cotopaxi N.P.

*HAUXWELL'S THRUSH (Turdus hauxwelli). 
2 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*DUSKY-CAPPED GREENLET (Hylophilus hypoxanthus).   
2 Nuevo Mundo Lodge.

*ORANGE-BACKED TROUPIAL (Icterus croconotus).     
1 Lago Agrio - Nuevo Mundo Bridge.
Note: This species is sometimes regarded as a subspecies of Troupial (Icterus Icteus), although Sibley & Monroe regarded it as a subspecies of Campo Oriole (Icterus jamacaii) (a split from Troupial itself).

YELLOW-BELLIED DACNIS (Dacnis flaviventer).
3 Cuyabeno Lodge.

*GOLDEN-RUMPED EUPHONIA (Euphonia cyanocephala).    
1 heard Quito - Alchipichi.
Note: This species is now regarded as a full species, split from Blue-hooded Euphonia (Euphonia musica).

*SCRUB TANAGER (Tangara vitriolina).
4 Alchipichi 12/8, 5 30/9.

*FULVOUS SHRIKE-TANAGER (Lanio fulvus).           
1 Nuevo Mundo Lodge.

*FULVOUS-CRESTED TANAGER (Tachyphonus surinamus). 
1 Nuevo Mundo Lodge, 2 Cuyabeno Lodge.

BLACK-BACKED BUSH-TANAGER (Urothraupis stolzmanni).
5 Papallacta Pass 13/8.

*DULL-COLOURED GRASSQUIT (Tiaris obscura).        
2 Tandayapa 14/8.

BAND-TAILED SEEDEATER (Catamenia analis).        
2 Alchipichi.

*GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH (Sicalis luteola).        
15 Tumbaco.

*ASH-BREASTED SIERRA-FINCH (Phrygilus plebejus).  
15 Alchipichi 12/8, 20 30/9.

*WHITE-WINGED BRUSH-FINCH (Atlapetes leucopterus).    
1 Tandayapa 14/8.

*LESSER GOLDFINCH (Carduelis psaltria).           
1 Alchipichi 12/8, 4 Tandayapa - Mindo road 14/8.

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